Art style research and two artist researches Paper

Art style and two artist researches - Research Paper Example They wanted to produce two-dimensional canvass and used multiple vantage points. According to Rewald (2001), Picasso and Braque had common favourite instilling â€Å"musical instruments, bottles, pitchers, glasses, newspapers, playing cards and the human face and figure† in their art works. Cubism was not only adopted in paintings, but it was also popular in architecture and sculpture during the twentieth century (rewald, 2001). Nesic (n.d.) discussed that Cubism was once just an idea before it really became a style. The cubism is an approach to art which wanted to represent the reality of the world in concepts and not about perceptions (Nesic, n.d.). Paul Cezanne is one of the most influential painters during the nineteenth century (Galenson & Weinberg 2001). Cezanne enumerated ingredients of cubism which include geometry, simultaneity and passage and tried to introduce the concept of the Fourth Dimension (Nesic, n.d.). There are two distinct phases of cubism: analytical and synthetic. The Analytic cubists create artworks with multiple and overlapping planes while synthetic cubists produce artworks made of colored papers cut out in shapes (Rewald 2001). Analytical cubism which lasted until 1912 used geometric framework to create a subject image as an overall effect (Cubism, n.d.). Synthetic cubism on the other hand was mainly influenced by the introduction of collages, both simple and bold (Cubism, n.d.). Unlike analytical cubism, this phase is appear to be more abstract but characterized by a more direct, vibrant and attractive style (Cubism, n.d.). For this paper I will discuss the work of three contemporary cubist painters: Susanna Sharp and Luiza Vizoli. There paintings are characterized by collages of abstract geometric forms which characterized the style of cubism. There subjects are more on human face and musical instruments like the great founders Picasso and Braque. Luiza Vizoli is a fulltime contemporary professional artist

Islam and Terrorism Essay Example for Free

Islam and Terrorism Essay Muslims, especially Arab Muslims, are said to have been consistently stereotyped in films, television programs, cartoons and even the news as terrorist animals, who have no regard for human life (Fisk 125). And as Robert Fisk would say, the more films he watched, the more cartoons he saw, the more editorials he read, the more fear of the despicable, fearful, alien Muslim seemed to be spreading (127). Thus the Muslims always portrayed as the sinister, evil, over-breeding and worthy of destruction (Fisk 127). Furthermore, as a result of this, media now has equated Islam with terror and fundamentalism, so that no matter where a bomb goes off in the world, the first suspects are always Muslims (Said 110). Said explains that both Israel and the United States identify fundamentalist Islam, a label which is often compressed into one word, â€Å"Islam† (111). Hence, the Islamic belief has been very much associated with terrorism. But then, does Islam really promote acts of terrorism? This paper hopes to delve into the Islamic teaching, specifically the concept of jihad, which is often pointed to be the main reason associating Islam with terrorism. The paper would also identify the intent of jihad as compared to that of terrorism. Finally, this paper aims to conclude that amidst the negative interpretations of jihad contained in the teaching of Islam, Islam does not intend to promote terrorism but aims for spiritual striving in a peaceful manner. Jihad Mohammed Abdul Malek, author of the book entitled A Study of the Qur’an: The Universal Guidance for Mankind, says that, Jihad is often a misunderstood concept of Islam (121). Malek says that, contrary to commonly held belief that jihad exhorts Muslims to expand Islam by violent means, jihad simply refers to a spiritual striving to attain nearness to Allah (121). Malek stresses that the doctrine of Jihad never encourages war or violence (121). He says that it is not a holy war against the non-believers as is commonly understood, which phrase was merely coined by the West in its struggle against the Muslims during the time of the Crusades, a war instigated by the Church for religious gain (Malek 122). Furthermore, he says that there are other words in Arabic which are more appropriate to use in a war situation if war was the principal purpose of Jihad (Malek 122). Examples of which are ‘harb’ which means war and ‘Ma’araka’ which means battle (Malek 122. ). The Qur’an could have used these instead of Jihad if the intention was the declaration of war (Malek 122). Malek quotes Haji Ibrahim Golightly, who explains thoroughly the question and purpose of ‘Jihad’. Golightly explains that Jihad means to strive or make an effort, usually in an Islamic context, so that anything which requires an effort to be made is Jihad and the person doing it is ‘mujahid’ (122). He says that media’s interpretation of jihad that it is fighting and killing in the name of Allah, is not true (Malek 122). He clarifies that said efforts are certainly in the name of Allah, but not in terms of fighting and killing, but instead involves activities such as making time in a busy schedule to study the Qur’an; going to ‘halal’ butcher rather than the closest or most convenient one; discussing Islam with both Muslims and non-Muslims and helping them to understand it better; studying ‘ayat’ or signs, both of Qur’an and in nature and science, in order to increase ‘ilm’, or knowledge; setting other Muslims a good example and showing non-Muslims the true way of Muslims (Malek 122). These, he says, are all examples of Jihad in daily life (Malek 122). Hence, Jihad, he explains, is the effort made not just against internal and external evils but also to live at peace with oneself and ones community, whether Muslim or non-Muslim (Malek 122). Malek further suggests that Jihad must be explained in the context of the Qur’anic verses in which it is used (Malek 122-123). Some of the typical verses based on the translation of Maulana Muhammad Ali’s book entitled ‘The Religion of Islam’, explains jihad in the context of the Qur’anic Verses (Malek 123). First, it provides that â€Å"(22:78) And strive hard ‘jahidu’ for Allah with endeavour which is right† (Malek 123). Ali explains that jihad implies that one should exert one’s self to the utmost ability, like moral, spiritual or political, for the cause of Allah and to establish Allah’s Deen, without resorting to war (Malek 123). Secondly, it provides that â€Å"(29:6) And whoever strives hard (jahada), he strives (yujahidu) only for his own soul, that is for his own benefit, for Allah is altogether independent of (His) creatures (Malek 123). These verses then, as explained by Malek, show that jihad is the spiritual striving to attain nearness to Allah, and the result of this jihad is stated to be Allah’s guidance for those striving his ways (123). It is a struggle to win unbelievers not of the sword but of Qur’an (Malek 123). In the verses cited, jihad is used in the general sense of striving hard, morally, spiritually, and in our day to day life, and implies a struggle in Allah’s ways to achieve an objective, without resorting to war (Malek 124). Malek also cites the definition of Jihad from the Muslimsonline. com, which basically means the striving and refers to the unceasing effort that an individual must make towards self-improvement and self-purification (123). It also refers to the duty of Muslims, at both individual and collective level to struggle against all forms of evil, corruption, injustice, tyranny and oppressions whether committed by Muslims and non-Muslims (Malek 123). Comparing then the purpose of Jihad, which aims for spiritual striving (Malek 121), terrorism, on the otherhand aims only to endanger human life and create an environment of fear and danger. Jihad, which in its origin is a peaceful religious exercise just like how other religions have, it is far from what terrorism aims to propagate. Certainly comparing jihad with what terrorism intends to accomplish, there is indeed a very big difference. Aside from this, the double standard which exists in society also tends to distort or generalize Muslim as terrorists. Fisk cites that once the culprits turn out to be Americans, the word ‘terrorism’ fades from the headlines and are then replaced into a word called ‘fanatics’ (128). This negative media has then an adverse effect on the daily lives of the Muslims (Fisk 129). Conclusion As can be seen from the verses taken in the context of the Qur’an which is the best source to interpret what jihad is, it teaches ‘spiritual striving’ (Malek 123) as opposed to what is projected in the media that often associates it. As explained by Malek, Islam could have used other Arabic words which specifically refer to war instead of the word ‘jihad’ if the intention was to propagate war (122). Furthermore, the phrase ‘holy war’ is of Western origin in history, which was the struggle against Muslims during that time of the Crusades (Malek 122). Terrorism on the otherhand, has no other intention but to create some disturbance and violence which are dangerous to human life. Indeed, this is not part of the Islamic teaching manifested in the Qur’an. Just like other religions, which have activities in order to exercise their basic freedom of religion, so does Islam have their own sets of activities which do not at all propagate war but through means which are peaceful. Islam as a religion being associated with terrorism thus often is a result of distorted views as opposed to what it really teaches. This is mainly due to the influence that media has to its viewers which, as we know is a very powerful medium when it comes projecting and presenting who are considered as terrorists and who are not. This does not mean however that we should tolerate acts of some Islamic groups which are with fault, but only means that there should also be some responsibility especially of persons belonging to the media, to report balanced news or feature shows without being biased or being prejudicial against a religion, sector or group. There must also be respect for other religions just like how the way the Western way of belief is respected. Explanation by those given by those knowledgeable in the interpretation of Qur’an, must also be given the chance to explain the Islamic belief and must be given a chance to also be presented to viewers. In that way, there would be a deeper understanding not only of other religions but of other cultures as well. Indeed, everyone of us is against terrorism because of the threat it brings to our daily lives. But this should not compromise respect for other religions as well. It is time that there should be a strong foreign policy toward Muslim countries (Saeed 131). There should also be some cooperation on the part of citizens of nations in reporting those responsible for terroristic acts. Only in this way, are we able to pinpoint the real perpetrators and bring them to justice. Reference Fisk, Robert. â€Å"The Media Stereotype Muslims as Terrorists. † Islam: Opposing Viewpoints. San Diego, California: Greenhaven Press, 2000. 125-130. Malek, Mohammed. â€Å"The Islamic Doctrine of Jihad Does Not Advocate Violence. † Islam: Opposing Viewpoints. San Diego, California: Greenhaven Press, 2000. 121-123. Saeed, Kazim. â€Å"Media Stereotypes Do Not Define the Image of Muslims. † Islam: Opposing Viewpoints. San Diego, California: Greenhaven Press, 2000. 131 – 133. Said, Edward. â€Å"The Problem of Islamic Terrorism Is Overstated. † Islam: Opposing Viewpoints. San Diego, California: Greenhaven Press, 2000. 110-111.

Implementing Product Life Cycle Management in Indian Product

Implementing Product Life Cycle Management in Indian Product IMPLEMENTING PRODUCT LIFE CYCLE MANAGEMENT IN INDIAN PRODUCT MANUFACTURE ORGANIZATIONS Abstract Product lifecycle management (PLM) is the process of managing the entire lifecycle of a product from market demand, product design, manufacturing, services and disposal. By integrating people, data, process, business systems to provide product information which can foster a companys product innovation ability and their extended enterprise. In short all-encompassing vision for managing all data relating to the design, production, support and ultimate disposal of manufactured goods. The aerospace, medical devices, military, nuclear and automobile industries need to maintain safety and control extremely important. This safety and control measure brought about the concept of PLM in to the market. The configuration management further evolved into electronic data management systems. This further evolved into data management systems. By using the PLM features, many manufacturers of industrial machinery, capital goods, consumer electronics and packaged goods have benefited largely in the past ten years, since the advent of the PLM. CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 PRODUCT LIFECYCLE MANAGEMENT: Product lifecycle management (PLM) is the procedure of managing the complete lifecycle of a product. It symbolizes the encompassing vision for supervising all the data relating to the design, manufacturing, support and the dumping of the produced goods. The concept of PLM was first introduced in the areas where safety and control were extremely important like aerospace, nuclear industries, military and medical device. These industries invented the discipline of configuration management (CM), which later got evolved in to the electronic data management system (EDMS), and this was further developed to the product data management (PDM). The usage of PLM solution has benefited the manufacturers of the industrial machinery, packaged goods, consumer electronics and complicated engineered products, and also there is a rapid increase in the adoption of PLM software by the industries. Product lifecycle management (PLM) is the procedure of managing the complete lifecycle of a product from its beginning, through design and manufacture, to service and disposal. PLM integrates people, data, processes and business systems and provides a product information backbone for companies and their extended enterprise. Product lifecycle management is one of the four cornerstones of a corporations information technology system structure. Every company needs to communicate and share information with their customer relation management (CRM) and also shared with the supply chain management and their resources with enterprises management (ERP-Enterprise Resource Planning) and their planning (SDLC-System Development Life-cycle). The manufacturing and engineering companies should compulsorily develop, describe, manage, and communicate information about their products. 1.2 PLM SOLUTIONS:[1] 1.3 Some requirements of PLM: * Data File Control Management (The right data†¦) * Product Data Access Control (To the right person†¦) * Workflow Process Management (At the right time†¦) * Geometry Management * CAD File Control Management * Digital Mockup * Integration Point For Single Source of Product Data * Information System Interfaces * Authoring Application Integration * Product Data Distribution * Product Data Viewing * Change Control * Configuration Identification * Configuration Status Accounting, Verification and Audit * Program / Project Management Coordination * Requirements Design Traceability 1.4 Benefits: Benefits of product lifecycle management include:- * Reduced time to market * Improve product quality * Reduced prototyping costs * Saving through the re-use of original data * A frame work for product optimization * Reduce waste * Saving through the complete integration of engineering workflows 1.5 History: Inspiration for the burgeoning business process now known as PLM came when America Motor Corporation (AMC) was looking for a way to speed up its product development process to compete better against its larger competitors in 1985, according to Francois casting Vice President for Product Engineering and Development. After the introduction of its compact jeep Cherokee (XJ), the vehicle that launched the modern sport utility vehicle (SUV) market, AMC began to develop a new model, which later came out as Jeep Grand Cherokee. The first part in its quest for faster product development was Computer Aided Design (CAD) software system that makes engineers more productive. The conflicts are very easily solved by using new communication system .By this system costly engineering also changes because of availability of drawings and documents in a central database. AMC was purchased by Chrysler because of the effectiveness of the product data management .This made the designing and building product to connect with enterprise. While an early adopter of PLM technology, Chrysler was able to become the auto industrys lowest-cost producer, recording development costs that were half of the industry average for the Burge owning business process now known as PLM came when America average by the mid-1990s. C:Documents and SettingskranthiDesktoprakesh_prj_imgRKSH_IMG4.bmp Fig 1. Layout of Product life cycle management 1.6 Timeline -Increasing Productivity with Technology:[2] 1980s  § Introduction of Commercial Computer Aided Design (CAD) radically improved  § Productivity in Product Design 1990s  § Adoption of ERP Systems  § ERP Systems included Engineering and Change Management Modules  § Design Build remained separated in silos 2000s  § Adoption of Workflow Web technologies accelerated PLM concepts  § Workflow enabled collaboration between different company silos  § PLM drastically improved NPI cycle cutting time cost  § PLM extended visibility and collaboration to CMs Suppliers using the we Present  § PLM extended Product Design to 3rd party Design Outsourcing  § Collaboration extended across the global chain to Customers Suppliers  § Introduction of Industry Government Standards Compliance  § Adoption of Collaborative Quality Improvement across the supply chain  § Adoption of Program/Project based PLM Portfolio Management  § Adoption of PLM Analytics and Intelligence for Cost/Process Analysis Improve. 1.7 Phases of Product lifecycle:[3] There are many software solutions now developed which are use to organize and integrate the various phases of the product ‘s life cycle. PLM is the single software with a suite of tools with several working methods, all these integrates to define single or different stage of product life cycle. PLM range is covered by some software providers but other only single application. Some of the applications can span various fields of PLM with different modules, with in the similar data model. All fields in PLM are covered here. It should also not be forgotten that one of the main goals of PLM is to collect knowledge that can be reused for other projects and to coordinate simultaneous concurrent development of many products. PLM is mainly related with engineering tasks and also involves the activities of marketing like Product Portfolio Management (PPM), and mainly with regards to the new product introduction (NPI). 1.7.1. Phase 1: Conceive: Imagine, specify, plan, and innovate The initial phase in idea is the definition of its requirements based on customer, company, market and regulatory bodies viewpoints. Major technical parameter can be defined by this product specification. Many functional aspect and requirement specification are carried out parallel with the initial concept design work carried out by defining the visual aesthetics of the product. For the Industrial Design Styling, work many different media are used from pencil and paper, clay models to 3D Computer Aided Design software 1.7.2. Phase 2: Design: Describe, Define, Develop, Test, Analyze and validate This is where the detailed design and development of the products form starts, progressing to prototype testing, through pilot release to full product launch. It may also include the redesign and ramp for improvement to present products as well as Planned obsolescence. CAD tool is used for design and development. This can be a simple or plain 2D Drawing / Drafting or 3D Parametric Feature Based Solid/Surface Modeling. Such software includes technology such as Hybrid Modeling, Reverse Engineering, KBE (Knowledge Based Engineering), NDT (Non Destructive Testing), Assembly construction This step covers many engineering disciplines including: Mechanical, Electrical, Electronic, Software (embedded), and domain-specific, such as Architectural, Aerospace, Automotive, Along with the actual creation of geometry there is the analysis of the components and product assemblies. By standing alone the CAE (Computer-aided engineering) software can perform simulation validation and optimization task or it may carry out by integrating with CAD package. These are used to perform tasks such as: Dimensional tolerance (Engineering) analysis task is performed by using CAQ (computer aided quality) such as Dimensional Tolerance (engineering) Analysis. Another task which is carried out at this phase is the sourcing of bought out components, possibly with the aid of Procurement systems. 1.7.3. Phase 3: Realize Manufacture, Make, Build, Procure, Produce, Sell and Deliver: The method of manufacturing is defined when the design of the products componnent is completed. It performs task such as design creation of CNC machining instructions for the products part as also it can perform tolls to manufacture those product which can be done using integrated or separate CAM. Process simulation for operations such as casting molding and die press forming will also be involve in the analysis tools. CPM comes in to play only when the manufacture method gets identified. The original CAD data with the use of Computer Aided Inspection equipment and software is used for checking the geometrical form and size of the components after they get manufactured. Sales product configuration and marketing documentation work will be taking place parallel to the engineering task. This could include transferring engineering data (geometry and part list data) to a web based sales configuration and other Desktop Publishing systems 1.7.4. Phase 4: Service: Use, Operate, Maintain, Support, sustain, phase-out, Retire, Recycle and Disposal In final stage of the lifecycle the managing of in service information is involved. The repair and maintence, waste management/recycling information is provided to the customers and to service engineers. Maintenance repair and operation management software tools are involved. 1.7.5. All phases: Product lifecycle: Communicate, Manage and Collaborate In many cases or in real practical a project does not run sequentially or maintain isolation of other project development project. The co-ordination of and management of product definition data is the main part of PLM, it includes release status of the components, managing of engineering changes, management of documents, project resources planning, configuration product variations, timescale and risk assessment. The text and metadata such as the product bills of materials needs to be managed. At the engineering departments stage this is the area of PDM (Product Data Management) software, at the commercial level EDM (Enterprise Data Management) software; it is typical to see two or more data management systems within an organization. These systems are also linked to other systems such as SCM, CRM, and ERP. Associated with these systems are Project Management Systems for Project/Program Planning. Numerous collaborative product development tools cover this central role which runs throu ghout the whole life cycle and across organizations. This needs various technology tools in the area of Conferencing, Data Sharing and Data Translation. CHAPTER 2 Research study conducted on (Cell phone) During past decade of time the, cell phone has become a part of our daily life .Like any product, making a cell phone and its parts requires natural resources and energy. Understanding the life cycle of a product can help you make environmental choices about the products you use, and how you dispose of them. Let us consider the example of a Nokia cell phone product life cycle management. 2.1 Concept Design:[4] The design of the product influences each stage of its lifecycle and also influences the environment. Design will affect the materials which are used in manufacturing of a product. If cheaper materials are used they are less durable, the product will have a short useful life. Waste can be prevented by proper design of the product. The design of the product with modular components can be easily replaced and entire product need not be thrown away if only one part of the product gets broken. The items having long life, trendy design should be avoided because they are not thrown away when they go out of style. 2.2 Materials Extraction:[4] All products are manufactured from the materials which are found in or on the earth. Raw materials, such as trees or ore, are directly mined or harvested from the earth and this process can create a lot of pollution and also involves usage of large amounts of energy and depletes the limited natural resources. The manufacturing of new products from recycled materials will reduce the amounts of the raw materials, being taken from the earth. The hand set consists of 40 percent metals, 40 percent plastics, and 20 percent ceramics and trace materials. The circuit board which is also termed as a printed wiring board, present in the hand set is the main component and is the brain of the cell phone controlling all of its functions. The circuit boards are up of mined and raw materials like silicon, copper, lead, nickel, tantalum, beryllium and other metals. Circuit board manufacturing requires crude oil for plastics and limestone and sand for the fiberglass, these materials are also known as â€Å"persistent toxins† and can stay in the environment for long periods of time even after their disposal. The cell phone consists of a liquid crystal display (LCD), a low power, flat- panel display on the front of the phone that shows information and images. The passage of electric current through it makes it opaque. The contrast between the opaque and transparent areas forms visible characters. Various liquid crystalline substances, either naturally occurring (such as mercury, a potentially dangerous substance) or human-made, are used to make LCDs, require the usage of plastic or glass. The rechargeable batteries used to power the phones can use several types of batteries: nickel-metal hydride (Ni-MH), lithium-ion (Li-Ion), nickel-cadmium (Ni-Cad), or lead acid. These batteries contain nickel, cobalt, zinc, cadmium, and copper. 2.3 Materials Processing:[4] Once materials are extracted, they must be converted into a form that can be used to make products. For example, in cell phones: Crude oil is combined with natural gas and chemicals in a processing plant to make plastic; Copper is mined, ground, heated, and treated with chemicals and electricity to isolate the pure metal used to make circuit boards and batteries. The resulting copper pieces are transported to the manufacturer where they are formed into sheets and wires. 2.4 Manufacturing:[4] The basic shape of the circuit board is made by using plastics and fiberglass, and is then coated with gold plating. The board has several electronic components which are connected with wires made of copper and are soldered to the board, are secured with coatings and protective glues. LCDs are manufactured by sandwiching the liquid crystal in between layers of plastic or glass. Batteries have two separate parts known as electrodes, which are made from two different metals. Electrolyte is a liquid substance which touches each electrode. 2.5 Packaging Transportation:[4] The use of packaging can protect products from damage and provide product information. Finished products are transported in trucks, planes, and trains to different locations where they are sold. All of these modes of transportation burn fossil fuels, which can contribute to global climate change. The finished products and the parts of the cell phone require packaging and transportation in order to get from one place to another. The transportation done by plane, rail or truck requires the usage of the fossils fuels for energy, which contribute to the global climate change. While the packaging of the product protects it from getting damaged, identifies contents and provides information, decorative or excessive packaging can be wasteful. Packaging makes use of the valuable natural resources which include paper (from trees), plastics (from crude oil from the earth), and aluminum (from ore) and other materials, all of which makes use of energy to produce and can result in waste. 2.6 Reuse/Recycling/Disposal:[4] The way products are used can impact the environment. For example, products that are only used once create more waste than products that are used again and again. Using a product over and over again prevents the need to create the product from scratch, which saves resources and energy while also preventing pollution. Recycling or re-manufacturing products also reduces the amount of new materials that have to be extracted from the earth. Always comparison shop to be sure that you get the proper service and the phone that is right for you. By using the rechargeable batteries in cell phones reduces the amount of the waste and toxicity that disposable batteries will create. Be sure to follow the manufacturers instructions for charging your batteries so you can extend their life as long as possible 2.7 Life:[4] Recycling or donating the cell phones when they are no longer needed by you or want them extends their useful lives, and preventing them from going into the trash where they can cause problems relating to the environment. 2.8 Reuse:[4] Many organizations including recyclers, Charities, and electronics manufacturers accept working cell phones and offer them to schools, community organizations, and individuals in need. Reuse provides people, who cannot afford them, free or reduced cost access to new phones and their accessories. And thereby it extends the useful lifetime of a phone. 2.9 Recycle:[4] Springing up of electronics recyclers is every-where. Today, various stores, recycling centers and manufacturers accept cell phones for recycling. While few electronics recyclers only allow large shipments, the communities, schools, or groups can work together to collect used cell phones for shipment to electronics recyclers. Some of the rechargeable batteries can also be recycled, as many retail stores and some communities have started collecting them. The material recovered from the rechargeable batteries when they are recycled can be used for making new stainless steel products and batteries. You can use the phone book or Internet to find the local contacts that refurbish and recycle cell phones. 2.10 Disposal:[4] By 2009, the rate at which cell phones are discarded is predicted to exceed 125 million phones each year, resulting in more than 65,000 tons of waste. The cell phones which are thrown into the trash end up in a landfill or are burned. As the cell phone contains plastics, chemical, metals and other hazardous substances, you should always recycle, donate or trade in your old cell phone. 2.11 Headset:[4] Many people use a cell phone headset when they are driving or when they are walking around to keep their hands free. Most models of headsets can be reused when you buy a new phone. 2.12 Belt clip:[4] Some people buy belt clips to carry cell phones while not in use. Reusing or donating your belt clip when you are finished using it prevents waste. 2.13 Face plate:[4] Decorative face plates can be trendy and fun, but you dont need them to use a cell phone. The best way to prevent waste is to simply not buy products you dont need. If you do buy face plates, donate unwanted ones to a charity or swap them with your friends instead of throwing them away. Portable gaming cell phones have a lot of the same parts as hand-held video game and CD players, consoles and portable CD players, including speakers, circuit boards, and LCDs. Old or broken consoles and players can also be reused or recycled when no longer wanted. Advances in cell phone technology have given phones many uses today. CHAPTER 3 CASE STUDY 3.1 Case study: Siemens Siemens Home and Office Communication Devices (SHC) is a leading company for home and office communication infrastructure. The company sells its products in more than 50 countries. 3.1.1 Business Challenge: SHC has several engineering and manufacturing disciplines which are unique and located at one single site, in Germany. Mold tooling development, mechanical design development, manufacturing and assembling are all done in Bocholt, Germany. For Siemens the market pressure is very high in electronics and electric and consumer goods, and there is stress from this competition to reduce development cycles and its time to market new goods, as there is a wide range of products introduced into the market year after year with new designs and more complexity. Therefore Siemens recognized that it has to make improvements in its quality and thus needed to enhance the supply chain integration and collaboration to meet its marketing challenges. Siemens soon recognized that to overcome the external and internal pressures it has to improve its development and product life cycle for the future success of Siemens SHC. Siemens had been working with a 3-D CAD system â€Å" Euclid 3† for about 10 years on which it had made all possible improvements and it cannot upgrade it any further, so it has to get help from outside partner to help and implement a new product life cycle (PLM) system. 3.1.2 Solution: Siemens in partnership with IBM services implemented CATIA V5 and SMART TEAM as a new PLM platform for improvement in product development. CATIA V5 has a set of predefined product and process templates, helps to quickly complete even sophisticated design tasks with a high level of accuracy. With CATIA V5 and SMARTEAM, SHC has improved design innovation, taking advantage of the existing know-how and design to manufacturing process to the development and reduction of costs. In addition to that, this tool has helped make the mold tool development and NC manufacturing very competitive with low-cost suppliers from places like China. 3.2 Case study 2: Airbus UK 3.2.1 Business Challenge: To meet tight deadlines for delivery and reduce design and manufacturing costs by constantly improving working processes throughout the aircraft lifecycle. 3.2.2 Solution: IBM has provided with a team of flexible and scalable experts which included strategic business consultants, aircraft industry specialists and project managers to define and implement transformation programs in business, financial and organizational disciplines. 3.2.3 Business Benefits: Improved collaboration with suppliers eliminated data re-entry, saving â‚ ¬18 million on collaboration with suppliers. * Improved concurrent engineering reduced lead time on wing by 41 weeks (36% reduction). * The worlds first flight of largest passenger aircraft completed on time. * Keeping Scheduled programming. * Innovative practices introduced from concurrent engineering and collaborative working. 3.2.4 Why it matters? IBM team created new business, financial and organizational processes to meet the deadlines while cost cutting the design and manufacturing for the new Airbus A380. These changes has transformed the airplane manufacturing methodology while enabling Airbus UK to cut cost and time out of design and manufacture, improve collaboration with suppliers and deliver key components on schedule to ensure the A380 aircrafts on-time first flight. 3.2.5 Key Components: IBM Global Business Services In developing the new technologies and pushing the boundaries of knowledge in the aerospace industry Airbus is leading the world. Airbus is an extremely complex business, which employs advanced technologies and procedures, some of which have mainly been developed for this project. In such a large-scale, modern design and manufacturing process, a lot of attention is paid at keeping costs under control. Wing assembly is one of the most complex parts of the aircraft, an element for which Airbus UK has the design and manufacturing responsibility. The company realized early in the A380 program that new processes would be needed to achieve the aggressive timeline for the airplane. â€Å"We needed to radically transform our approach to the A380, and saw value in bringing in an objective external consultancy to help define and implement new ways of working,† says Iain Gray, Managing Director of Airbus UK. Nowhere is this more evident than in its design and development of the A380, the worlds largest passenger jet. Airbus is a highly complex business, employing advanced technologies and processes, some of which have specifically been developed for this project. In such a large-scale, innovative design and manufacturing operation, much attention is paid to keeping costs under control. Airbus UK commissioned IBM Global Business Services to bring together a team of experts to analyze designs, design processes and manufacturing operations. â€Å"IBM is exclusively placed to give advice and help us transform Airbus UK,† s ays Gray. â€Å"It has enormous breadth and depth of knowledge, with expertise in business, financial and organizational disciplines as well as the aircraft industry and computer technology.† The core IBM Global Business Services program team includes strategic business consultants, aircraft industry specialists and project managers. This team is expanded when ever required by drafting in specialists and consultants who bring a complete cross-section of business and technical skills relevant to the specific problem being addressed. 3.2.6 Designing out cost: â€Å"Initiatives from IBM Global Business Services help us drive cost out of design and manufacture, improve collaborative working, and transform the way we work with our many subcontractors,† explains Gray. Improved collaboration with suppliers eliminated data re-entry, saving â‚ ¬18 million. The IBM team has helped the Airbus UK improve the concurrent engineering, reducing lead time of the wing by 41 weeks (36 percent reduction). Sometimes, initiatives originated directly from the IBM team. Airbus built complete 3D models of A380 components to analyze clash conditions in airframe systems and structure before committing to cut metal—for example, to ensure that there were adequate clearances for slat and flap mechanisms on the wing and the landing gear. Such large-scale 3D modeling involves an enormous volume of number-crunching, which would normally trigger the purchase of large processors. Seeing this situation, IBM consultants introduced Airbus to the concept of GRID computing, which pools unutilized processing capacity in hundreds of distributed workstations for use with processor-intensive applications. A prototype was developed, and IBM then completed the implementation of GRID technology, there by saving Airbus a considerable investment. In the area of business transformation, IBM Global Business Services is organizing an experienced team of human resource and organizational specialists to help Airbus UK transform from a development organization to one undertaking large-scale serial production. The key aspect in the success of the A380 program is educating several hundred people across Airbus UK and its many of the subcontractors in the new tools, processes and collaborative working. With an infinite pool of resources, IBM responded very rapidly to Airbus training needs, building and delivering of tailored courses that reflect the processes and technologies defined at the strategic level. 3.3 Case Study 3: Maruti Udyog Ltd Maruti Udyog Ltd., a subsidiary of Suzuki Moto Corporation of Japan, has been the leading Indian passenger car maker for about two decades. The company has a diverse portfolio that includes: the Maruti 800;the Omni; a premium small car, Zen; the international brands, Alto and WagonR; an off-roader, Gypsy; the mid-size Esteem; a luxury car, Baleno; an MPV, Versa; a premium subcompact car, Swift; and a luxury SUV, Grand Vitara XL7. The companys 11 base platforms encompass300 variants for 100 export destinations. According to Marutis vision statement, its goals include maintaining leadership in the Indian automobile industry, creating customer delight, increasing shareholder wealth and being â€Å"a pride of India.† Customers have shown their approval, ranking Maruti high in customer satisfaction for six years in a row according to the J.D. Power Asia Pacific 2005 India Customer Satisfaction Index (CSI) Study. The company has also ranked highest in the India Sales Satisfaction St udy. 3.3.1The need for PLM: Among the companys product development challenges, the need for shorter cycle times is always at the top. Management wants to be able to launch new models faster and reduce the time required for minor changes and development of product variants. Another challenge is co-development. Marutis goal is to collaborate closely with its global teams and suppliers on the development of new platforms and product freshening. Other challenges include streamlining the process of vehicle localization and enhancing quality and reliability. These challenges pointed directly to a product lifecycle management (PLM) solution with capabilities for information management, process management, knowledge capture and support for global collaboration; a PLM solution directly addressing Marutis business challenges. For example, PLMs information management capabilities address the issue of the many plat forms, local variants and export destinations. Process management permits concurrent development and faster c hange management and provides a platform for other process improvements for faster vehicle development. Knowledge capture increases innovation and also reduces costs by increasing part re-use. PLMs collaboration capabilities permit global development by ensuring fast and accurate dissemination of product information. 3.3.2. Implementation profile: Maruti selected the UGS PLM software solution because â€Å"UGS leverages the business value by offering complete PLM solution,† according to C.V. Raman, general manager, Engineering Division, Maruti Udyog Ltd. Marutis PLM implementation includes Team centre, NX and Techno matrix software. Team centre provides a wide range of functionality for release management including bills of material management and change management. Team centre also handles the vehicle localization process, coordinates the part approval process and integrates design and engineering information with the companys ERP system. Team centre also provides Implementing Product Life Cycle Management in Indian Product Implementing Product Life Cycle Management in Indian Product IMPLEMENTING PRODUCT LIFE CYCLE MANAGEMENT IN INDIAN PRODUCT MANUFACTURE ORGANIZATIONS Abstract Product lifecycle management (PLM) is the process of managing the entire lifecycle of a product from market demand, product design, manufacturing, services and disposal. By integrating people, data, process, business systems to provide product information which can foster a companys product innovation ability and their extended enterprise. In short all-encompassing vision for managing all data relating to the design, production, support and ultimate disposal of manufactured goods. The aerospace, medical devices, military, nuclear and automobile industries need to maintain safety and control extremely important. This safety and control measure brought about the concept of PLM in to the market. The configuration management further evolved into electronic data management systems. This further evolved into data management systems. By using the PLM features, many manufacturers of industrial machinery, capital goods, consumer electronics and packaged goods have benefited largely in the past ten years, since the advent of the PLM. CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 PRODUCT LIFECYCLE MANAGEMENT: Product lifecycle management (PLM) is the procedure of managing the complete lifecycle of a product. It symbolizes the encompassing vision for supervising all the data relating to the design, manufacturing, support and the dumping of the produced goods. The concept of PLM was first introduced in the areas where safety and control were extremely important like aerospace, nuclear industries, military and medical device. These industries invented the discipline of configuration management (CM), which later got evolved in to the electronic data management system (EDMS), and this was further developed to the product data management (PDM). The usage of PLM solution has benefited the manufacturers of the industrial machinery, packaged goods, consumer electronics and complicated engineered products, and also there is a rapid increase in the adoption of PLM software by the industries. Product lifecycle management (PLM) is the procedure of managing the complete lifecycle of a product from its beginning, through design and manufacture, to service and disposal. PLM integrates people, data, processes and business systems and provides a product information backbone for companies and their extended enterprise. Product lifecycle management is one of the four cornerstones of a corporations information technology system structure. Every company needs to communicate and share information with their customer relation management (CRM) and also shared with the supply chain management and their resources with enterprises management (ERP-Enterprise Resource Planning) and their planning (SDLC-System Development Life-cycle). The manufacturing and engineering companies should compulsorily develop, describe, manage, and communicate information about their products. 1.2 PLM SOLUTIONS:[1] 1.3 Some requirements of PLM: * Data File Control Management (The right data†¦) * Product Data Access Control (To the right person†¦) * Workflow Process Management (At the right time†¦) * Geometry Management * CAD File Control Management * Digital Mockup * Integration Point For Single Source of Product Data * Information System Interfaces * Authoring Application Integration * Product Data Distribution * Product Data Viewing * Change Control * Configuration Identification * Configuration Status Accounting, Verification and Audit * Program / Project Management Coordination * Requirements Design Traceability 1.4 Benefits: Benefits of product lifecycle management include:- * Reduced time to market * Improve product quality * Reduced prototyping costs * Saving through the re-use of original data * A frame work for product optimization * Reduce waste * Saving through the complete integration of engineering workflows 1.5 History: Inspiration for the burgeoning business process now known as PLM came when America Motor Corporation (AMC) was looking for a way to speed up its product development process to compete better against its larger competitors in 1985, according to Francois casting Vice President for Product Engineering and Development. After the introduction of its compact jeep Cherokee (XJ), the vehicle that launched the modern sport utility vehicle (SUV) market, AMC began to develop a new model, which later came out as Jeep Grand Cherokee. The first part in its quest for faster product development was Computer Aided Design (CAD) software system that makes engineers more productive. The conflicts are very easily solved by using new communication system .By this system costly engineering also changes because of availability of drawings and documents in a central database. AMC was purchased by Chrysler because of the effectiveness of the product data management .This made the designing and building product to connect with enterprise. While an early adopter of PLM technology, Chrysler was able to become the auto industrys lowest-cost producer, recording development costs that were half of the industry average for the Burge owning business process now known as PLM came when America average by the mid-1990s. C:Documents and SettingskranthiDesktoprakesh_prj_imgRKSH_IMG4.bmp Fig 1. Layout of Product life cycle management 1.6 Timeline -Increasing Productivity with Technology:[2] 1980s  § Introduction of Commercial Computer Aided Design (CAD) radically improved  § Productivity in Product Design 1990s  § Adoption of ERP Systems  § ERP Systems included Engineering and Change Management Modules  § Design Build remained separated in silos 2000s  § Adoption of Workflow Web technologies accelerated PLM concepts  § Workflow enabled collaboration between different company silos  § PLM drastically improved NPI cycle cutting time cost  § PLM extended visibility and collaboration to CMs Suppliers using the we Present  § PLM extended Product Design to 3rd party Design Outsourcing  § Collaboration extended across the global chain to Customers Suppliers  § Introduction of Industry Government Standards Compliance  § Adoption of Collaborative Quality Improvement across the supply chain  § Adoption of Program/Project based PLM Portfolio Management  § Adoption of PLM Analytics and Intelligence for Cost/Process Analysis Improve. 1.7 Phases of Product lifecycle:[3] There are many software solutions now developed which are use to organize and integrate the various phases of the product ‘s life cycle. PLM is the single software with a suite of tools with several working methods, all these integrates to define single or different stage of product life cycle. PLM range is covered by some software providers but other only single application. Some of the applications can span various fields of PLM with different modules, with in the similar data model. All fields in PLM are covered here. It should also not be forgotten that one of the main goals of PLM is to collect knowledge that can be reused for other projects and to coordinate simultaneous concurrent development of many products. PLM is mainly related with engineering tasks and also involves the activities of marketing like Product Portfolio Management (PPM), and mainly with regards to the new product introduction (NPI). 1.7.1. Phase 1: Conceive: Imagine, specify, plan, and innovate The initial phase in idea is the definition of its requirements based on customer, company, market and regulatory bodies viewpoints. Major technical parameter can be defined by this product specification. Many functional aspect and requirement specification are carried out parallel with the initial concept design work carried out by defining the visual aesthetics of the product. For the Industrial Design Styling, work many different media are used from pencil and paper, clay models to 3D Computer Aided Design software 1.7.2. Phase 2: Design: Describe, Define, Develop, Test, Analyze and validate This is where the detailed design and development of the products form starts, progressing to prototype testing, through pilot release to full product launch. It may also include the redesign and ramp for improvement to present products as well as Planned obsolescence. CAD tool is used for design and development. This can be a simple or plain 2D Drawing / Drafting or 3D Parametric Feature Based Solid/Surface Modeling. Such software includes technology such as Hybrid Modeling, Reverse Engineering, KBE (Knowledge Based Engineering), NDT (Non Destructive Testing), Assembly construction This step covers many engineering disciplines including: Mechanical, Electrical, Electronic, Software (embedded), and domain-specific, such as Architectural, Aerospace, Automotive, Along with the actual creation of geometry there is the analysis of the components and product assemblies. By standing alone the CAE (Computer-aided engineering) software can perform simulation validation and optimization task or it may carry out by integrating with CAD package. These are used to perform tasks such as: Dimensional tolerance (Engineering) analysis task is performed by using CAQ (computer aided quality) such as Dimensional Tolerance (engineering) Analysis. Another task which is carried out at this phase is the sourcing of bought out components, possibly with the aid of Procurement systems. 1.7.3. Phase 3: Realize Manufacture, Make, Build, Procure, Produce, Sell and Deliver: The method of manufacturing is defined when the design of the products componnent is completed. It performs task such as design creation of CNC machining instructions for the products part as also it can perform tolls to manufacture those product which can be done using integrated or separate CAM. Process simulation for operations such as casting molding and die press forming will also be involve in the analysis tools. CPM comes in to play only when the manufacture method gets identified. The original CAD data with the use of Computer Aided Inspection equipment and software is used for checking the geometrical form and size of the components after they get manufactured. Sales product configuration and marketing documentation work will be taking place parallel to the engineering task. This could include transferring engineering data (geometry and part list data) to a web based sales configuration and other Desktop Publishing systems 1.7.4. Phase 4: Service: Use, Operate, Maintain, Support, sustain, phase-out, Retire, Recycle and Disposal In final stage of the lifecycle the managing of in service information is involved. The repair and maintence, waste management/recycling information is provided to the customers and to service engineers. Maintenance repair and operation management software tools are involved. 1.7.5. All phases: Product lifecycle: Communicate, Manage and Collaborate In many cases or in real practical a project does not run sequentially or maintain isolation of other project development project. The co-ordination of and management of product definition data is the main part of PLM, it includes release status of the components, managing of engineering changes, management of documents, project resources planning, configuration product variations, timescale and risk assessment. The text and metadata such as the product bills of materials needs to be managed. At the engineering departments stage this is the area of PDM (Product Data Management) software, at the commercial level EDM (Enterprise Data Management) software; it is typical to see two or more data management systems within an organization. These systems are also linked to other systems such as SCM, CRM, and ERP. Associated with these systems are Project Management Systems for Project/Program Planning. Numerous collaborative product development tools cover this central role which runs throu ghout the whole life cycle and across organizations. This needs various technology tools in the area of Conferencing, Data Sharing and Data Translation. CHAPTER 2 Research study conducted on (Cell phone) During past decade of time the, cell phone has become a part of our daily life .Like any product, making a cell phone and its parts requires natural resources and energy. Understanding the life cycle of a product can help you make environmental choices about the products you use, and how you dispose of them. Let us consider the example of a Nokia cell phone product life cycle management. 2.1 Concept Design:[4] The design of the product influences each stage of its lifecycle and also influences the environment. Design will affect the materials which are used in manufacturing of a product. If cheaper materials are used they are less durable, the product will have a short useful life. Waste can be prevented by proper design of the product. The design of the product with modular components can be easily replaced and entire product need not be thrown away if only one part of the product gets broken. The items having long life, trendy design should be avoided because they are not thrown away when they go out of style. 2.2 Materials Extraction:[4] All products are manufactured from the materials which are found in or on the earth. Raw materials, such as trees or ore, are directly mined or harvested from the earth and this process can create a lot of pollution and also involves usage of large amounts of energy and depletes the limited natural resources. The manufacturing of new products from recycled materials will reduce the amounts of the raw materials, being taken from the earth. The hand set consists of 40 percent metals, 40 percent plastics, and 20 percent ceramics and trace materials. The circuit board which is also termed as a printed wiring board, present in the hand set is the main component and is the brain of the cell phone controlling all of its functions. The circuit boards are up of mined and raw materials like silicon, copper, lead, nickel, tantalum, beryllium and other metals. Circuit board manufacturing requires crude oil for plastics and limestone and sand for the fiberglass, these materials are also known as â€Å"persistent toxins† and can stay in the environment for long periods of time even after their disposal. The cell phone consists of a liquid crystal display (LCD), a low power, flat- panel display on the front of the phone that shows information and images. The passage of electric current through it makes it opaque. The contrast between the opaque and transparent areas forms visible characters. Various liquid crystalline substances, either naturally occurring (such as mercury, a potentially dangerous substance) or human-made, are used to make LCDs, require the usage of plastic or glass. The rechargeable batteries used to power the phones can use several types of batteries: nickel-metal hydride (Ni-MH), lithium-ion (Li-Ion), nickel-cadmium (Ni-Cad), or lead acid. These batteries contain nickel, cobalt, zinc, cadmium, and copper. 2.3 Materials Processing:[4] Once materials are extracted, they must be converted into a form that can be used to make products. For example, in cell phones: Crude oil is combined with natural gas and chemicals in a processing plant to make plastic; Copper is mined, ground, heated, and treated with chemicals and electricity to isolate the pure metal used to make circuit boards and batteries. The resulting copper pieces are transported to the manufacturer where they are formed into sheets and wires. 2.4 Manufacturing:[4] The basic shape of the circuit board is made by using plastics and fiberglass, and is then coated with gold plating. The board has several electronic components which are connected with wires made of copper and are soldered to the board, are secured with coatings and protective glues. LCDs are manufactured by sandwiching the liquid crystal in between layers of plastic or glass. Batteries have two separate parts known as electrodes, which are made from two different metals. Electrolyte is a liquid substance which touches each electrode. 2.5 Packaging Transportation:[4] The use of packaging can protect products from damage and provide product information. Finished products are transported in trucks, planes, and trains to different locations where they are sold. All of these modes of transportation burn fossil fuels, which can contribute to global climate change. The finished products and the parts of the cell phone require packaging and transportation in order to get from one place to another. The transportation done by plane, rail or truck requires the usage of the fossils fuels for energy, which contribute to the global climate change. While the packaging of the product protects it from getting damaged, identifies contents and provides information, decorative or excessive packaging can be wasteful. Packaging makes use of the valuable natural resources which include paper (from trees), plastics (from crude oil from the earth), and aluminum (from ore) and other materials, all of which makes use of energy to produce and can result in waste. 2.6 Reuse/Recycling/Disposal:[4] The way products are used can impact the environment. For example, products that are only used once create more waste than products that are used again and again. Using a product over and over again prevents the need to create the product from scratch, which saves resources and energy while also preventing pollution. Recycling or re-manufacturing products also reduces the amount of new materials that have to be extracted from the earth. Always comparison shop to be sure that you get the proper service and the phone that is right for you. By using the rechargeable batteries in cell phones reduces the amount of the waste and toxicity that disposable batteries will create. Be sure to follow the manufacturers instructions for charging your batteries so you can extend their life as long as possible 2.7 Life:[4] Recycling or donating the cell phones when they are no longer needed by you or want them extends their useful lives, and preventing them from going into the trash where they can cause problems relating to the environment. 2.8 Reuse:[4] Many organizations including recyclers, Charities, and electronics manufacturers accept working cell phones and offer them to schools, community organizations, and individuals in need. Reuse provides people, who cannot afford them, free or reduced cost access to new phones and their accessories. And thereby it extends the useful lifetime of a phone. 2.9 Recycle:[4] Springing up of electronics recyclers is every-where. Today, various stores, recycling centers and manufacturers accept cell phones for recycling. While few electronics recyclers only allow large shipments, the communities, schools, or groups can work together to collect used cell phones for shipment to electronics recyclers. Some of the rechargeable batteries can also be recycled, as many retail stores and some communities have started collecting them. The material recovered from the rechargeable batteries when they are recycled can be used for making new stainless steel products and batteries. You can use the phone book or Internet to find the local contacts that refurbish and recycle cell phones. 2.10 Disposal:[4] By 2009, the rate at which cell phones are discarded is predicted to exceed 125 million phones each year, resulting in more than 65,000 tons of waste. The cell phones which are thrown into the trash end up in a landfill or are burned. As the cell phone contains plastics, chemical, metals and other hazardous substances, you should always recycle, donate or trade in your old cell phone. 2.11 Headset:[4] Many people use a cell phone headset when they are driving or when they are walking around to keep their hands free. Most models of headsets can be reused when you buy a new phone. 2.12 Belt clip:[4] Some people buy belt clips to carry cell phones while not in use. Reusing or donating your belt clip when you are finished using it prevents waste. 2.13 Face plate:[4] Decorative face plates can be trendy and fun, but you dont need them to use a cell phone. The best way to prevent waste is to simply not buy products you dont need. If you do buy face plates, donate unwanted ones to a charity or swap them with your friends instead of throwing them away. Portable gaming cell phones have a lot of the same parts as hand-held video game and CD players, consoles and portable CD players, including speakers, circuit boards, and LCDs. Old or broken consoles and players can also be reused or recycled when no longer wanted. Advances in cell phone technology have given phones many uses today. CHAPTER 3 CASE STUDY 3.1 Case study: Siemens Siemens Home and Office Communication Devices (SHC) is a leading company for home and office communication infrastructure. The company sells its products in more than 50 countries. 3.1.1 Business Challenge: SHC has several engineering and manufacturing disciplines which are unique and located at one single site, in Germany. Mold tooling development, mechanical design development, manufacturing and assembling are all done in Bocholt, Germany. For Siemens the market pressure is very high in electronics and electric and consumer goods, and there is stress from this competition to reduce development cycles and its time to market new goods, as there is a wide range of products introduced into the market year after year with new designs and more complexity. Therefore Siemens recognized that it has to make improvements in its quality and thus needed to enhance the supply chain integration and collaboration to meet its marketing challenges. Siemens soon recognized that to overcome the external and internal pressures it has to improve its development and product life cycle for the future success of Siemens SHC. Siemens had been working with a 3-D CAD system â€Å" Euclid 3† for about 10 years on which it had made all possible improvements and it cannot upgrade it any further, so it has to get help from outside partner to help and implement a new product life cycle (PLM) system. 3.1.2 Solution: Siemens in partnership with IBM services implemented CATIA V5 and SMART TEAM as a new PLM platform for improvement in product development. CATIA V5 has a set of predefined product and process templates, helps to quickly complete even sophisticated design tasks with a high level of accuracy. With CATIA V5 and SMARTEAM, SHC has improved design innovation, taking advantage of the existing know-how and design to manufacturing process to the development and reduction of costs. In addition to that, this tool has helped make the mold tool development and NC manufacturing very competitive with low-cost suppliers from places like China. 3.2 Case study 2: Airbus UK 3.2.1 Business Challenge: To meet tight deadlines for delivery and reduce design and manufacturing costs by constantly improving working processes throughout the aircraft lifecycle. 3.2.2 Solution: IBM has provided with a team of flexible and scalable experts which included strategic business consultants, aircraft industry specialists and project managers to define and implement transformation programs in business, financial and organizational disciplines. 3.2.3 Business Benefits: Improved collaboration with suppliers eliminated data re-entry, saving â‚ ¬18 million on collaboration with suppliers. * Improved concurrent engineering reduced lead time on wing by 41 weeks (36% reduction). * The worlds first flight of largest passenger aircraft completed on time. * Keeping Scheduled programming. * Innovative practices introduced from concurrent engineering and collaborative working. 3.2.4 Why it matters? IBM team created new business, financial and organizational processes to meet the deadlines while cost cutting the design and manufacturing for the new Airbus A380. These changes has transformed the airplane manufacturing methodology while enabling Airbus UK to cut cost and time out of design and manufacture, improve collaboration with suppliers and deliver key components on schedule to ensure the A380 aircrafts on-time first flight. 3.2.5 Key Components: IBM Global Business Services In developing the new technologies and pushing the boundaries of knowledge in the aerospace industry Airbus is leading the world. Airbus is an extremely complex business, which employs advanced technologies and procedures, some of which have mainly been developed for this project. In such a large-scale, modern design and manufacturing process, a lot of attention is paid at keeping costs under control. Wing assembly is one of the most complex parts of the aircraft, an element for which Airbus UK has the design and manufacturing responsibility. The company realized early in the A380 program that new processes would be needed to achieve the aggressive timeline for the airplane. â€Å"We needed to radically transform our approach to the A380, and saw value in bringing in an objective external consultancy to help define and implement new ways of working,† says Iain Gray, Managing Director of Airbus UK. Nowhere is this more evident than in its design and development of the A380, the worlds largest passenger jet. Airbus is a highly complex business, employing advanced technologies and processes, some of which have specifically been developed for this project. In such a large-scale, innovative design and manufacturing operation, much attention is paid to keeping costs under control. Airbus UK commissioned IBM Global Business Services to bring together a team of experts to analyze designs, design processes and manufacturing operations. â€Å"IBM is exclusively placed to give advice and help us transform Airbus UK,† s ays Gray. â€Å"It has enormous breadth and depth of knowledge, with expertise in business, financial and organizational disciplines as well as the aircraft industry and computer technology.† The core IBM Global Business Services program team includes strategic business consultants, aircraft industry specialists and project managers. This team is expanded when ever required by drafting in specialists and consultants who bring a complete cross-section of business and technical skills relevant to the specific problem being addressed. 3.2.6 Designing out cost: â€Å"Initiatives from IBM Global Business Services help us drive cost out of design and manufacture, improve collaborative working, and transform the way we work with our many subcontractors,† explains Gray. Improved collaboration with suppliers eliminated data re-entry, saving â‚ ¬18 million. The IBM team has helped the Airbus UK improve the concurrent engineering, reducing lead time of the wing by 41 weeks (36 percent reduction). Sometimes, initiatives originated directly from the IBM team. Airbus built complete 3D models of A380 components to analyze clash conditions in airframe systems and structure before committing to cut metal—for example, to ensure that there were adequate clearances for slat and flap mechanisms on the wing and the landing gear. Such large-scale 3D modeling involves an enormous volume of number-crunching, which would normally trigger the purchase of large processors. Seeing this situation, IBM consultants introduced Airbus to the concept of GRID computing, which pools unutilized processing capacity in hundreds of distributed workstations for use with processor-intensive applications. A prototype was developed, and IBM then completed the implementation of GRID technology, there by saving Airbus a considerable investment. In the area of business transformation, IBM Global Business Services is organizing an experienced team of human resource and organizational specialists to help Airbus UK transform from a development organization to one undertaking large-scale serial production. The key aspect in the success of the A380 program is educating several hundred people across Airbus UK and its many of the subcontractors in the new tools, processes and collaborative working. With an infinite pool of resources, IBM responded very rapidly to Airbus training needs, building and delivering of tailored courses that reflect the processes and technologies defined at the strategic level. 3.3 Case Study 3: Maruti Udyog Ltd Maruti Udyog Ltd., a subsidiary of Suzuki Moto Corporation of Japan, has been the leading Indian passenger car maker for about two decades. The company has a diverse portfolio that includes: the Maruti 800;the Omni; a premium small car, Zen; the international brands, Alto and WagonR; an off-roader, Gypsy; the mid-size Esteem; a luxury car, Baleno; an MPV, Versa; a premium subcompact car, Swift; and a luxury SUV, Grand Vitara XL7. The companys 11 base platforms encompass300 variants for 100 export destinations. According to Marutis vision statement, its goals include maintaining leadership in the Indian automobile industry, creating customer delight, increasing shareholder wealth and being â€Å"a pride of India.† Customers have shown their approval, ranking Maruti high in customer satisfaction for six years in a row according to the J.D. Power Asia Pacific 2005 India Customer Satisfaction Index (CSI) Study. The company has also ranked highest in the India Sales Satisfaction St udy. 3.3.1The need for PLM: Among the companys product development challenges, the need for shorter cycle times is always at the top. Management wants to be able to launch new models faster and reduce the time required for minor changes and development of product variants. Another challenge is co-development. Marutis goal is to collaborate closely with its global teams and suppliers on the development of new platforms and product freshening. Other challenges include streamlining the process of vehicle localization and enhancing quality and reliability. These challenges pointed directly to a product lifecycle management (PLM) solution with capabilities for information management, process management, knowledge capture and support for global collaboration; a PLM solution directly addressing Marutis business challenges. For example, PLMs information management capabilities address the issue of the many plat forms, local variants and export destinations. Process management permits concurrent development and faster c hange management and provides a platform for other process improvements for faster vehicle development. Knowledge capture increases innovation and also reduces costs by increasing part re-use. PLMs collaboration capabilities permit global development by ensuring fast and accurate dissemination of product information. 3.3.2. Implementation profile: Maruti selected the UGS PLM software solution because â€Å"UGS leverages the business value by offering complete PLM solution,† according to C.V. Raman, general manager, Engineering Division, Maruti Udyog Ltd. Marutis PLM implementation includes Team centre, NX and Techno matrix software. Team centre provides a wide range of functionality for release management including bills of material management and change management. Team centre also handles the vehicle localization process, coordinates the part approval process and integrates design and engineering information with the companys ERP system. Team centre also provides

First Nation Women :: essays research papers

The First Nations women of North America lead a very interesting and complex life. Most of their lives spent as an object of slavery and viewed as a non-person with no rights or feelings. This varied from tribe to tribe depending on social organization, politically, ceremonially, agriculturally, geography, and mythology. In tribes that the government principles reflect on the character of Gods, women were highly esteemed and had some measure of authority. In tribes that the government was based on clan organization. The Gods believed women were supreme being the foundation of tribal society. These principles brought peace harmony and prosperity to those communities. However, these special statuses of women belonged only to a small group. Other women received no consideration, respect, or value to the tribe. All the labor required for the home, work place and community fell into the responsibilities of women. Some other jobs included tanning of skins, weaving fabrics, food preparatio n for winter use, drying and smoking the meat, and making clothes, mats, and baskets. As the man role was to lead the tribe, manage his family, hunt, and fight. One special status as that women held is the key to the reproduction of life and therefore the sowing and cultivating the crops was exclusively theirs. In the Native group, Kutchin, a group of Athaascan tribes in Alaska and British Columbia. The Kutchin is a prime example of how the Native American women were badly treated. If they were to go to war, they were willing to massacre all of their women except a couple young females for wives for the reproduction of the tribe. Women were forced to do all the hard work in camps, and had no voice in family or tribal affairs except when selecting a husband for their daughter or daughters. It was compensatory that the women ate after the men were done eating. They were also required to manufacture weapons, cooking, cleaning, fishing, and building the community. Without adequate shelter or food for themselves. Besides all the bad times, they experienced many happy and fun times. Below shows what their rhythmical dances looked like: However, even through they had some good times of dancing and playing games, most of the Native American tribes agreed on one thing and is stated clearly in the resource book, The Indians of Canada, and proves that they were brutally mistreated: "The hardships the women suffer, induce them, too often to let the female infants die, as soon as born; and they look upon it as an act of kindness to them.

Bringing the constitutional presidency to life

The constitutional president in the United States of America is the president who has been elected by the citizens of the republic on majority votes. Bringing to the constitutional presidency to life is bringing the custom of electing presidents who would lead the country according to the constitution. Constitutional presidency The constitutional president leads the country in accordance to the powers that he has been given by the constitution and has a duty to lead the cabinet businesses.The president is the overall leader of the country is therefore responsible of hiring and firing cabinet. A constitutional president get to the position of presidency after the voting process has taken place as has been dictated by the constitution. No one has powers to ruin the presidents powers, may it be the civil or religion leaders. The president may use the religious believes of the country’s customs to dictate the undelegated power as he should understand the law of God and the law of nature in order to help him make such decisions.A constitutional president may make decisions of his freewill without consulting the delegates, such decisions may include amnesty of some petty crime victims and authorization of a bill to be passed as law for that to be a custom of the country in favor of the society. A constitution president is allowed to vie for the seat as many times as the constitution would allow him, he runs for a given number of times in which he shall not exceed if the constitution does not allow. Reference: Milis, D. & Nelson, T. (1979) American presidency, NY, Oxford University press

Motives for European Expansion 15th and 16th century essays

Motives for European Expansion 15th and 16th century essays Europeans had many reasons to risk their live in a really long voyage across the Atlantic Ocean. Many new technological advancements such as the cannons, new ships, magnetic compass and the astrolabe- helped make the trip something possible. Eventually Captains didnt have the money to afford this. So they had to appeal to kings to sponsor their trip. To get the Monarchs sponsorship of the trip Captains had to somehow appeal to him the idea is worth while. So they had to come up with motives. The ottomans had taken part of practically all the border of East Europe with Asia impeding trade. This meant they had to find an alternative trade route. What they tried then is to go west and find India. There major profits from trading with India were spices... This is what they wanted to from India and also found in America. Spices added flavour and variety to their foods and served as preparation for medicines. Portugal took the lead in the Spice Trade with Prince Henry as a massive sponsor of voyages. Europeans wanted to spread religion. This wasnt the most important reason for the majority. Although for some Kings such as Queen Isabella it was a really important reason. The desire to Christianize Muslims after their attempt to unite Europe under one religion with the 30 years war... The most important reason for European Expansion was clearly wealth. This has been the reason under every movement, war or law made in history. It brought you money and power Spain had under his control more land than any other country except possibly Portugal. Money, material wealth and Trade were the key. Then came the rivalry between the Countries if Portugal came from an expedition with 2 new countries discovered, lots of gold... Then Spain would go in search of 2 bigger countries with more wealth. The Dutch also took part in some expeditions; and created the Dutch East Indian Company which controlled big part of Europeans eco ...

Free Essays on Advertising Analysis

My advertisement was found in a recent addition to recovery magazine. Recovery is a magazine aimed at teenagers that fall into the category that enjoy surfing, skating and mainly punk and rock music. The particular advertisement I chose was explicitly for sunglasses but it was also for the retail store that sells them. In this case the shop is called Glue. The theme of the particular advertisement is a virtual reality. Like the product is from another world but you the consumer can purchase then now. The actual virtual reality theme is portrayed in significant detail, which also sets this advertisement apart from the others. In the advertisement the background image which is part of the virtual look is lined, also known as interlaced, to create the feeling of virtual reality greatly increase. The two characters in the advertisement are specifically placed also. The actual background image has a wall in it so the producers set the 2 characters apart. By making the male close to the camera showing only the top half and the female counter part is set back on top of the wall to show the whole body and how real it is. The characters, male and female, look as if they are playing a virtual shooting game. The characters are holding fake guns that look quite futuristic yet still portray an image of virtual reality. The advertisement incorporates a white border to show of the orangeness of the advertisement. The bottom section of the advertisement is sort of cut off to add to the virtual reality feeling and to add to the feeling of being in the game also. The bottom section is compiled of 4 sections. The first of the four sections is an artificial picture of an unrealistic gun and text confirming the consumer is on â€Å"Level four†. This adds to the virtualness. The second section comprises of another advertisement for a product in which the consumer, a punk, rock, surfy-skater, would also be interested in. A specific brand name i... Free Essays on Advertising Analysis Free Essays on Advertising Analysis My advertisement was found in a recent addition to recovery magazine. Recovery is a magazine aimed at teenagers that fall into the category that enjoy surfing, skating and mainly punk and rock music. The particular advertisement I chose was explicitly for sunglasses but it was also for the retail store that sells them. In this case the shop is called Glue. The theme of the particular advertisement is a virtual reality. Like the product is from another world but you the consumer can purchase then now. The actual virtual reality theme is portrayed in significant detail, which also sets this advertisement apart from the others. In the advertisement the background image which is part of the virtual look is lined, also known as interlaced, to create the feeling of virtual reality greatly increase. The two characters in the advertisement are specifically placed also. The actual background image has a wall in it so the producers set the 2 characters apart. By making the male close to the camera showing only the top half and the female counter part is set back on top of the wall to show the whole body and how real it is. The characters, male and female, look as if they are playing a virtual shooting game. The characters are holding fake guns that look quite futuristic yet still portray an image of virtual reality. The advertisement incorporates a white border to show of the orangeness of the advertisement. The bottom section of the advertisement is sort of cut off to add to the virtual reality feeling and to add to the feeling of being in the game also. The bottom section is compiled of 4 sections. The first of the four sections is an artificial picture of an unrealistic gun and text confirming the consumer is on â€Å"Level four†. This adds to the virtualness. The second section comprises of another advertisement for a product in which the consumer, a punk, rock, surfy-skater, would also be interested in. A specific brand name i...

Fermentation, is chemical changes in organic substances produced by the action of enzymes Essays

Fermentation, is chemical changes in organic substances produced by the action of enzymes Essays Fermentation, is chemical changes in organic substances produced by the action of enzymes Essay Fermentation, is chemical changes in organic substances produced by the action of enzymes Essay Yeast is a microorganism, and therefore is a living cell. Yeast cells require glucose to make energy. Yeast can break down and respire this glucose in the presence of oxygen, and in the absence of oxygen. This is called aerobic and anaerobic respiration.Aerobic Respiration (with oxygen)Glucose + Oxygen carbon dioxide + WaterC6H1206+02 6C02+6H206Anaerobic Respiration (without oxygen)Glucose methane + carbon dioxideC6H1206 3CH4+3C02As a culture of yeast is merged with solution of sugar, a reaction called fermentation occurs. Fermentation is chemical changes in organic substances produced by the action of enzymes. As products, ethanol and carbon dioxide are produced, in forms of liquid and gas. The rate of reaction can be illustrated by doing appropriate calculation involving the volume of gas produced.In order to react the glucose molecules need enough energy, known as the activation energy. Increasing the temperature increases the numbers of glucose molecules that have sufficient energy to react. Enzymes lower the activation energy needed for the reaction to occur.Research by Ann Fullick shows that at a lower temperature there is very slow fermentation. This is because the glucose molecules havent got very much kinetic energy and so are moving extremely slowly leading to a small amount of Carbon dioxide being made. As the temperature begins to increase the amount of carbon dioxide increases also. This is due to the lock and key mechanism. In the yeast enzyme there is an active site. This has a specific shape especially for use in fermentation. Only a glucose molecule is the right shape to be a substrate for the yeast enzyme active site. When the glucose molecule has enough kinetic energy it slots into the yeast enzymes active site (key fitting into lock). The reaction has then been catalysed and the products cant stay in the active site so they are released. These products are ethanol and carbon dioxide.AimTo investigate the affect of changing temperature on the amount of Carbon Dioxide created in the fermentation of yeastApparatus- Measuring tube- Test tube rack-Test tubes- Water bath- Stop Watch- Kettle- Thermometer- Syringe- Distilled water- Bung- 100cmà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ of water.- 80cmà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ of sucrose and yeast.PredictionStudying my research the optimum temperature for the reaction is 40?C because it is the activation energy. The glucose molecules have enough kinetic energy to collide and lock onto the yeast enzymes active sites.After 40?C some of the enzymes begin to denature (change shape) but not all at once. When they denature the glucose molecules cant lock onto the active sites anymore. At around 70?C all of the enzymes become denatured and the active sites have changed shape so no glucose molecules can lock on therefore there is no fermentation. This is a prediction of what my graph will look like.SafetyTo guarantee that my experiment will be done safely and accurately I will:-Tie back all loose hair and clothing-Make sure that the water bath is at an safe temperature, by using a thermometer, before letting it come into human contact-Place all bags and chairs under desks to prevent any accident-Handle all the glassware with caution-Wear safety goggles at all times-Leave an appropriate amount of space between each working groupThe equipment used in this experiment is reasonable safe. However, care is needed in handling glassware, as they are easily broken.Fair TestTo guarantee that the experiment is fair and that my results are trustworthy I will keep certain variables the same. These are my fixed variables. This will be the amount of yeast and water used. I will ensure this by measuring the yeast and water out with a syringe carefully each time. I will use the same equipment each time and make sure that the thermometer has restored to room temperature before using it again. Every repeat I will use fresh water and use new yeast and sucrose.By keeping these things constant will ensure that the experimen t is totally fair. I will repeat my experiment 3 times in order to obtain reliable and fair results. This is very important as the bubble counting may be unreliable as its counting by a person manually so by repeating the experiment will make the result more accurate. This will help me find the average, which will reduce the risk of anomalies.Obtaining evidenceMethodFor my investigation I will be altering the temperature of the yeast and sucrose is and observing how much carbon dioxide is released by counting the bubbles.-I Put 80cmà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ of yeast in a test tube and 80cmà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ of sucrose in separate test tube.-I heated 100cmà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ of water to the temperature, which I was testing-I put both the test tubes containing yeast and sucrose in the water and put thermometers in each of them, then I waited until they settled to the temperature I was testing.-I Attached the two tubes together quickly to try and not let any gas escape, then observed the amount of bubbles produ ced and recorded my results every 10 seconds for 1 minute.-I did this for 30à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½c, 40à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½c, 50à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½c, 60à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½c, 70à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½c, and 80à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½c.-Then I repeated the experiment 3 times to ensure accurate and reliable results.ResultsTemperature (à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½C)Reading 1(Number of bubbles in 1 minute)Reading 2(Number of bubbles in 1 minute)Reading 3(Number of bubbles in 1 minute)Average(Number of bubbles in 1 minute)3022324011109105016161716602022242270404240418065676365Number of Bubbles (3 Repeats)1020304050603011112240246891050581114151660471115182270112129343842802239475360671020304050603011122240135891150810131516166010141517202070182630333740802234445062651020304050603011222340246899504681315176079141720247014212934384080203440535863AnalysisAnalysisThese results do not comply with my prediction. I predicted that after 40à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½C the enzyme would start to denature and become less effective. However this was not the case, as the carbon dioxide bubbles kept increasing all the way up to 80à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½C in a strong positive correlation. However this is not a one off anomalies, as I repeated the experiment 3 times and took all safety and fair test precautions. From this experiment I could come to the conclusion that the higher the temperature the more carbon dioxide produced in fermentation. However, as this does not complied with my research I will try and find a reason why my experiment is unreliable. I believe that these results have occurred because the enzymes did not have enough time to denature, as I only carried out the experiment for 1 minute, and this is why they carried on producing carbon dioxide.EvaluatingConclusionI believe the method I used was not unreliable, however I should have used a longer time scale to gave the enzymes time to denature. The results I obtained were accurate up to 50?C, however, after that they began to rise when I predicted that the carbon dioxide levels would fall, these were my anomalou s results.If I would repeat this experiment then I would have carried it on for a longer span of time to give the enzymes a chance to denature. I would have also used larger scale of temperatures so my results would be more reliable.I do not believe that counting the bubbles was a reliable method, because sometimes the bubbles were being released too quickly to count all of them, and the size of the bubbles were not taken into consideration, only the amount of bubbles. I think to improve this you could use a gas syringe to measure the amount of gas produced or put a balloon over the neck of the bottle so you can visually see how much gas is produced. I also think in the higher temperatures some of the bubbles would not be carbon dioxide but because of the higher temperatures they could be from the heat. I believe the results could have been slightly off, by human errors, however if I was to repeat the experiment I would be more careful.If I was to carry out more experiments I could use different concentrations of yeast, or use different pressures and temperatures. To conclude, I believe that I carried out the experiment well and completed my method accurately, fairly and safely. However the results I obtained were not as I predicted and as a result I would like to repeat the experiment with a longer time span, to give the enzymes time to denature at higher temperature.

Witchcraft in the 17th Century Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Witchcraft in the 17th Century - Essay Example Many women owned property and operated farms and businesses in competition with their male neighbors. Disputes arose, especially after a husband died and left property to his widow.† (Wilson, 78) This period of history was marked by politico-religious turmoil too. The gender politics that began as a reaction to women’s economic empowerment got mixed with bigotry. Hence, women were now much more likely than men to be accused of witchcraft and tortured that way. The events like the Salem Witch Trials (1692) manifested as an orgy of violence, mainly targeted against women. The policymakers were then frightened to witness the mass hysteria associated with the power of the Puritans. Hence, banning this practice became a legislative imperative. Hence an effort to make the politico-legal system of America more even-handed towards women began which continued even during the 19th century as has been pointed out by Gretchen. As shown in the film ‘The Crucible’, in rel ation to the Salem Witch Trials, Nilan has pointed out, â€Å"Nineteen villagers were hung as witches, four died in prison and one was pressed to death.† This sort of superstitious terror inevitably led to policy reforms and prohibition. 2. Which one of the following do you think were the main two winners and which were the main two losers in England’s Glorious Revolution of 1689, and how and why did the Revolution lead to an expansion of the British Parliament’s policy of Salutary Neglect toward its American possessions? Parties involved: British Monarchy, British Parliament, Church of England, Protestant Dissenters, and Catholics. Answer: The Glorious Revolution of 1689 in England was an event of tremendous importance in the history of not only Europe but also America. The revolution although strengthened the Parliament and democracy, it also encouraged discrimination against Catholics. The main winners: 1. British Parliament: By inviting the William of Orange to invade England, the British Parliament ensured the partnership of the superior Dutch naval fleet. After deposing King James II, the Parliament now did not give much power to the new monarch William III (the William of Orange). Instead, it began to increase its power more and more as it levied maritime advantage by the merger of English and Dutch fleets. 2. Protestant Dissenters: Members from both the Tories and the Whigs united under the common umbrella of Protestant reaction against a possible Catholic Monarchy, and they ultimately established a parliamentary system that strongly favored the Protestants. In this way, Protestants prevailed. The main losers: 1. British Monarchy: Since King James II was deposed, not only the possibility of a Catholic dynasty was destroyed but also the very institution of the Monarchy itself began to decline rapidly under the pressure of the British Parliament. 2. Catholics: Protestants were the majority in the British Parliament after the events o f 1689. They eradicated the Catholics from the political system. Thousands of Catholics lost power and property in the subsequent decades.

Leading in a changing world Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Leading in a changing world - Essay Example This paper tends to discuss the importance of ethical leadership in business, with focus on fashion industry, and how unethical leadership leads to business failure. Ethical leadership means â€Å"ethically motivating others in ethical directions† consisting of both â€Å"procedural† and â€Å"substantive† (character-based) aspects (Chumir 1992). The procedural dimension of ethical leadership includes problem-solving and decision-making techniques within the circle of ethics. The substantive aspect of ethical leadership includes knowledge, strong standards and courage to follow ethical directions despite strong opposition. Dr. Bill Grace (2007), the founder of the Center of Ethical Leadership, has put forth a â€Å"4-V Model of Ethical Leadership† that correlates the substantive (inner values, principles and standards) with the procedural (words, actions and deeds) dimensions of ethical leadership so that effective decision-making can be done. The substantive virtues include values, voice, vision, virtue; and, procedural virtues include framing actions according to ethics, task scheduling, problem solving, and decisio n making. Ethical behavior of leaders is just as important in the fashion industry as in any other field (Paulins and Hillery 2009). Fashion industry is based on fashion marketing and fashion buying- processes which must be based on ethics to get the fashion reach the hands of common people. Ethical procedures in fashion merchandising retail are necessary to make the product reach the department stores and hi-fi boutiques. Fashion industry is such a high-end business where unethical behavior proves to be fatal for the company. High-end profits in fashion industry make it very tempting for company owners and business to get involved in unethical behavior (Xaxx 2013). There are many brands in the market which use sweatshops and

Systems and Operations Management Recommendations Essay

Systems and Operations Management Recommendations - Essay Example 4-7). Operations management involves various manufacturing processes such as supervising, designing, and managing so that the business functions can come under redesign for the production of goods and services. Operations management also makes sure that minimum resources come under utilization in the process of production so that it can become efficient and the business strategies come under effective implementation. Besides, the operations management administers the inputs (particularly in the form of materials, labor, and energy) that come under conversion to output (in the shape of outcome that is goods and services) in an effective and efficient manner (Kumar and Suresh, 2009, pp. 9-11). On the other hand, Systems management is the overall administration and management of the organizations information technology distributed systems. ... This company established its business operations in the early decade of 1960 in Sydney, Australia with the core service provider of photocopying. With the success in the photocopying business, Lachlan (the founder) expanded its business operations and started out as Atokowaâ„ ¢ printing and they reproduced copies for different organizations (Lord Ashcroft International Business School, 2012). Today, Atokowaâ„ ¢ Advantage deals and trade a wide range of stationery and office supplies to individuals and businesses (which are the two distinct types of customers they cater). From their widespread businesses, they now own several retail outlets from where they deliver stationery and office supplies directly to organizations. Additionally they also carry out customized printing upon request for different enterprises. Atokowa also prints brochures, flyers, letterheads, business cards, memo slips, and various other products (Lord Ashcroft International Business School, 2012). With the success and growth of the business, the vision came to cognizance to become the one-stop shop for stationery and office supplies. However, with the passage of time, the vision broadened and the focus towards technology was driven. Atokowa widened their focus and initiated the trading of Commodore 64 and the IBM PC 5100 (one of the technological advancements at that time). Moreover, the company continued their interest in technology and provided a range of information technology products in their retail outlets for their customers (Lord Ashcroft International Business School, 2012). Systems and Operations Management Analysis and Evaluation The systems and operations management analysis and evaluation comes under practice that