What Being a Lame Duck Means in Politics

A lame duck politician is an elected official who is not seeking re-election. The term is often used to describe U.S. presidents in their second and final terms in the White House. The use of lame duck is often considered derogatory because it refers to an elected officials loss of power and inability to effect change. U.S. presidents are bound by the Constitution to two terms in the White House under the 22nd Amendment. So they automatically become lame ducks the minute their take their oaths of office for the second time. Most of the time lame duck presidents become mired in cursed second terms. Few have notched successes as lame ducks. Members are Congress are not bound by statutory term limits, but the minute they announce their intention to retire they, too, earn lame duck status. And while there are obvious downsides to being a lame duck, there are also some positive aspects to not being bound to the often-fickle whims of the electorate. Origins of the Phrase Lame Duck The phrase lame duck was originally used to describe bankrupt businessmen. Ebenezer Cobham Brewers A Dictionary of Phrase and Fable described a lame duck as â€Å"a stock-jobber or dealer who will not, or cannot, pay his losses and has to waddle out of the alley like a lame duck. By the 1800s the phrase connoted politically bankrupt or broken down elected officials. Calvin Coolidge is said to be the first American president to be called a lame duck, during his second term. The term is also used to described political patronage, as in lame duck appointments, or those made by an outgoing politician in his final days in office to reward friends and supporters. The term was also popularized during the debate over when the president was to be sworn into office. The 20th Amendment, which stipulates that the incoming president and vice president take their oaths of office on Jan. 20 after the election instead of waiting until March as they previously did, was called the lame duck amendment because it prevented the still-in-session Congress from acting behind the back of the incoming commander-in-chief. Lame Ducks Are Ineffective and Mischievous One common rap against elected officials who are on their way out of office is that no one takes them seriously. Its true that lame ducks see the power they once enjoyed in office great diminished whether its by an election loss, the approach of a term limit or the decision to retire. Wrote  Michael J. Korzi in  Presidential Term Limits in American History: Power, Principles, and Politics: The lame duck theory suggests that the closer a president comes to the end of a second term - if he or she is barred from seeking re-election - the less relevant the president is to the Washington scene and especially the congressional players who are critical to the passage of many presidential priorities. The lame-duck effect on the presidency is different than the lame-duck sessions of Congress, which occur  in even numbered years when the House and Senate reconvene after the elections - even those lawmakers who lost their bids for another term.   It is true that lame ducks and lame-duck sessions held under the cover of night and without public scrutiny have resulted in some rather undesirable consequences: pay raises, enhanced perks and more lavish benefits for members of Congress, for example. They also have provided an opportunity to pass unpopular legislation not mentioned during the campaign, since blame can then be passed on the non-returning members, wrote  Robert E. Dewhirst and John David Rausch in the  Encyclopedia of the United States Congress. Lame Ducks Have Nothing to Lose   Elected officials in their final terms in office have the luxury of being bold and being able to address serious issues by adopting often controversial policies. As Ohio University economics professor  Richard Vedder told  The Post  of Athens about lame-duckery: â€Å"It’s kind of like having terminal cancer. If you know your time is up and you only have two months to live, maybe you’ll behave a little different in the last 90 days.† Candidates who dont have to face the wrath of voters for unpopular decisions are often more willing to deal with important or controversial issues without fear of angering blocs of constituents. That means some lame duck politicians can be freer and more productive in their final days in office. President Barack Obama, for example, surprised many political observers when he announced in December 2014 that the United States would work toward  restoring  diplomatic relations with the communist nation  of Cuba. At the beginning of his second term, Obama angered gun-rights advocates when he  announced  23 executive actions designed to address gun violence in the United States  after several mass shootings occurred during his first term.  The most significant proposals called for universal background checks on anyone trying to buy a gun, restoring a ban on military-style assault weapons, and cracking down on straw purchases. Though Obama was not successful in having these measures passed, his moves did spark a national dialogue on the issues.

Dementia And Alzheimer s Dementia - 995 Words

Dementia and Alzheimer s Dementia and Alzheimer’s was discovered by Dr. Alois Alzheimer. He discovered both of them, dementia is like Alzheimer’s just not as severe. Dementia has several different types, these include Alzheimer s disease, vascular dementia, Lewy body dementia and Front temporal dementia. The first changes you notice with dementia is Cognitive changes. These include memory loss, difficulty communicating or finding words, difficulty with complex tasks, difficulty with planning and organizing, difficulty with coordination and motor functions, and problems with disorientation, such as getting lost. Other changes are Psychological changes. These include personality changes, inability to reason, inappropriate behavior, paranoia, agitation and hallucinations. Dementia affects many areas of the brain, it also involves damage to the nerve cells in the brain. Dementia has many different risk factors, these are risk factors that can t be changed is your age and family history. When you are about the age of 65 you become more at risk of having Alzheimer s and Vascular dementia. You also can t change your family history, if your family has dementia you are at greater risk of getting it. Risk factors that you can change is heavy alcohol use and atherosclerosis. If you consume a large amount of alcohol that can lead to having a greater risk of dementia. Atherosclerosis is a buildup of fats and other substances in and on your artery walls.Show MoreRelatedAlzheimer s And Alzheimer Dementia991 Words   |  4 PagesSome alternate names for Alzeheimer s include Alzheimer dementia (AD), Alzheimer dementiia, syndrome, and sclerosis. The name of the disease was chosen after Dr. Aloysius Alzheimer was credited with discovering the first case of presenile dementia. This would later be called Alzheimer s disease in honor of Dr. Alzheimer s discovery. In the year of 1901, Dr. Alzheimer was studying a 51-year-old patient named Auguste Deter. The patient was suffering from strage behavioral patterns of symptoms. OneRead MoreAlzheimer s A Type Of Dementia1660 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction: Alzheimer’s is a type of dementia that causes complications with memory, thinking, and behavior. Long before any signs of memory loss, there a microscopic changes occurring in the brain, altering its functionality (Alzheimer s Association Organization, 2016). The brain has billions of nerve cells that work together, and when one portion of the brains neurons are malfunctioning it leads to breakdowns in other parts of the brain. The two most noted abnormal structures that are suspectedRead MoreAlzheimer s Dementia And Its Effects1496 Words   |  6 Pages5 kids, the perfect job and a cookie-cutter husband. Or maybe you travel the world, have a rockin’ body and work for the CIA. Unfortunately that isn’t the outcome for everyone. There are those who will develop Alzheimer s dementia. Alzheimer’s dementia is responsible for 60-80% of dementia cases and is the 6th leading cause of death in America (Alzheimer’s Association). Once diagnosed there’s no escaping it’s grip. The severity and rapid progressive state of the disease make Alzheimer’s a ratherRead MoreDementia And Alzheimer s Disease1923 Words   |  8 Pagesperson with dementia might say. Many patients with dementia lose their memories of growing up and may think they are a child again. Or perhaps they think they are still at home and caring for their families. You could see why some dementia patients may be upset or have behaviors because of this. Not every person with dementia is the same, but most symptoms are similar. In the knowledge of health science there are four different types of dementia which are Vascular Dementia, Lewy Body Dementia, FrontotemporalRead MoreAlzheimer s Disease And Dementia2089 Words   |  9 PagesAbstract This analysis of degenerative diseases covers four main diseases in today’s world, including: Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, Huntington’s disease and Dementia. Alzheimer’s is a degenerative form of dementia that attacks neurons causing the total or partial loss of memory, thinking abilities, language skills, and basic behaviors. Parkinson’s is a progressive disease that targets the central nervous system. Generally the disease will cause tremors, loss of coordination, paralysisRead MoreAlzheimer s Disease, Vascular Dementia, And Lewy Body Dementia2280 Words   |  10 PagesAbstract Dementia has many forms and it is a decline in memory, language and reasoning. Alzheimer’s is a form of dementia. Alzheimer’s disease is a neurodegenerative disorder, meaning the loss of function and stability. This is a disease that affects cognitive and physical abilities in the patient. Many people in the world have Alzheimer’s and it is in elders over the age of 65. There are lots of treatments available, but there is no cure for it. Keywords: Alzheimer’s disease (A.D), CaregiversRead MoreAlzheimer s Disease Vs. Dementia2014 Words   |  9 Pages Alzheimer s disease vs. Dementia Name Institution Alzheimer s disease vs. Dementia Alzheimer’s is an irreversible, progressive disease of the brain that gradually destroys memory as well as thinking skills. It eventually destroys the ability to perform the simplest chores. In many individuals with Alzheimer’s, the symptoms manifest after 65 years of age. Among the elderly people, Alzheimer’s illness is the leading cause of dementia (Stern, 2006). Dementia includes a loss ofRead MoreThe Differences Between Dementia And Alzheimer s Dementia1956 Words   |  8 Pages1- Background information on dementia and what it is 2- The differences between dementia and Alzheimer’s 3- How dementia changes parts of the brain 4- How the behaviour of those with dementia is affected 5- Impairments caused by dementia 6- How sufferers live with the disease 7- The treatments and cost of treating dementia 8- Incidence rates of the disease and how common it is 27 June 7- Acetyl Choline – chemical messenger in the brain which makes â€Å"neurones spark better and speak to each otherRead MoreAlzheimer s Disease : A Type Of Dementia1154 Words   |  5 Pagestype of dementia that causes problems with your memory and behavior. Dementia is a term for the severe loss of mental ability that it interferes with your daily life. This is caused by damage to the brain cells. Alzheimer s disease is the most common type of dementia and is characterized by gradual declines mental abilities (Journal of Clinical Diagnostic Research, 2016). The disease slowly attacks nerve cells in all parts of the brain and some surrounding structures, that impairs a person s abilitiesRead MoreAlzheimer s Disease : A Type Of Dementia1117 Words   |  5 Pagestype of dementia that causes problems with memory, thinking and behavior. Alzheimer’s disease, a type of dementia, was first discovered by Alois Alzheimer in 1906; in which it accounts for almost 60%-80% of a ll dementia cases. Dementia is not a specific disease; it is an overall term that describes a wide range of symptoms associated with a decline in memory or other thinking skills severe enough to reduce a person’s ability to perform everyday activities (Alzheimer s Disease Dementia | Alzheimer

Social Work Components of Working in the Substance Abuse Field Free Essays

1) The critical components of professional practice while working in the substance abuse field: I. Engagement: – This process continues throughout all of the stages, or components. Engagement involves building rapport with the client but because people with substance abuse problems are often scared, emotional, defensive and unable to trust this can be difficult. We will write a custom essay sample on Social Work: Components of Working in the Substance Abuse Field or any similar topic only for you Order Now Preparing prior to the initial interview is very important as well as limiting any interruptions while meeting with your client. II. Assessment: Assessment of a person with a possible substance abuse problem can be very complicated. First step is to find out if the client is suffering from substance abuse or substance dependency. The various dimensions of an assessment are biological, psychological and social. – The biological assessment can be done by reviewing their medical history and current health and can provide clues to any medical treatment needed. – The psychological dimension involves reviewing the clients mental health history to determine if there may be any underlying mental disorder. Questions about anxiety levels, depression, unresolved trauma or grief are asked then shifts to the reasons for starting, stopping and continuing the behavior. – The social dimension involves engaging the client in review the various people in their life: family, friends, co-workers and other social networks. Who supports them, where is there tension and stress, what relationships have been affected by the behavior, etc†¦ – Strength based assessments focuses on what the client wants in their life and tends to me more motivating. Exploring the strengths in addition to the negative provides a better balance and is respectful. – Once the assessment has been made, the next step is to develop an intervention plan that is unique to the situation and the client. III. Intervention: Interventions focus on work at many different systems levels, from individuals and families to organizations and communities. In addition, include inpatient detoxification to help with the initial withdrawal and pre-existing medical problems. There is behavioral approach that involves changing behavior by using positive and negative reinforcement. Family interventions, which help to identify relationships and communications that encourage or excuse substance abuse behavior. There are also options to join self-help groups or group therapy, which focus on the why’s. In some cases medication may need to be prescribed or moving to a therapeutic community is necessary. The social worker decides which approach to take or what strategy to use and client based on what the client needs, their culture, and specific goals. 2) Most older adults want to maintain independence as long as possible; how has this led to the development of a continuum of care for older people? The continuum of care is based on the principle of least restrictive which involves helping the older adult remain in their own home for as long as possible. Some of the services apart of the continuum that are least restrictive include monitoring services like life alert, homemaker services that involve someone assisting around the house (cleaning, laundry, shoppin g, or personal care such as, bathing and dressing etc) or even in home health care. 3) Social workers involved in low enforcement†¦ Social workers are involved in cases regarding traffic accidents and fatalities, child abuse, suicide, alcohol and substance abuse, mental health emergencies and family disputes. Social workers provide crisis intervention, brief individual or family counseling, referrals, victim assistance as well as community crime prevention efforts. Home visits, crime scene crisis work, and increasingly involved in crime prevention work in the community by leading action efforts related to the development of youth services, drug courts and even in the reform of mental commitment laws. How to cite Social Work: Components of Working in the Substance Abuse Field, Essay examples

Enlglish101 Final Paper free essay sample

For many years, the state of the educational system has been a polarizing topic in America. Some believe that the current systemtraditional classrooms, objective based learning, and standardized testingis the best way to continue teaching K-12 students. In contrast, others believe that the educational system should transition into a more interactive learning style. More specifically, these advocators believe that classroom settings should have more technology and virtual learning styles so that students will e prepared for the world of tomorrow. Times change and people change with them. Over the last two decades, there have been significant advances in technological innovations. Because of the creation of laptops, cellphones, tablets, and more, information is much more accessible to the average person. Today, the average person spends about 7 hours of their day using some form of media technology. (Communications Market Report) The statistics are even higher for children and teenagers, who spend about 53 hours using media technology a week. Generation M2 Report) The excessive use of media technology can be attributed to anything from ommunicating on social networking cites to participating in tutorial sessions for classes. No matter the reason for using media technology, education officials have observed that the way young people learn has begun to change. For example, students (k-12) no longer have to read through encyclopedias to find out facts; instead they can simply search for facts on the Internet. Because of the change in learning, education officials have advocated for change in the traditional education curriculum. They want to move away from the traditional way of learningbooks, aper, and pencils†to a more technological based curriculum. In recent discussions of the inclusion of technology in the classroom, a controversial aspect has been its effectiveness. On one hand, some argue that incorporating technology into the classroom improves student achievement, technical skills, and engagement. On the other hand, others argue that there is no evidence to suggest that technology in the classroom improves student achievement. The opposing side also argues that incorporating technology in the classroom undermines the role of the teacher and distracts students from truly learning. Neither of these arguments fully addresses the issue; however, this paper will consider that teachers understanding how to use technology effectively in the classroom can influence student achievement. Moreover, this paper will examine the definition of technology in the classroom, the advantages and disadvantages of including laptops in the classroom, and its impact on student learning. Ultimately, this paper will recommend the inclusion of more laptops in the classroom. In addition, the paper will advocate for more extensive training for teachers so that the technology can be used effectively. Before discussing the effectiveness of technology in the classroom, it is important to identify what consists of technology in the classroom. According to many educational technology experts, technology in the classroom consists of: laptops/computers, tablets, cellphones, digital games, class blogs/websites, and more. In the article, Using Technology in Todays Classroom, the author, an educator, suggests that when people hear the word technology, most of them first think of computers (1). He argues that people are misinformed because educational technology consists of many things. In his words, different technologies provide different kinds of content and serve different purposes in the classroom (1). The different types of technology that can be used in the classroom for educational purposes are so vast; the possibilities of what these technologies can be used for are endless. More specifically, the use of laptops in the classroom presents so many opportunities for better learning. Since laptops can be used for a number of things, the use of this device can potentially have a huge impact on classroom interaction, student learning, and student engagement. In the article, Teaching and learning Physics in a 1:1 Laptop School, Drs. Andrew Zucker and Sarah Hug described the use of laptops and related digital tools for teaching physics at the Denver School of Technology (586). The Denver School of Technology is a public charter high school that is attended by many students who come from low- income families (586). The school has a unique program that provides every student with a laptop to use for the entire school year so that the students are able to keep up with the curriculum. Drs. Andrew Zucker and Sarah Hug interviewed teachers and tudents, conducted surveys, observed classrooms, and used document analyses to understand how the laptops were being used in the classroom and how its use was affecting student learning. Through these observations and interviews, Zucker and Hug found that most teachers used the laptops to simulate experiments, create group collaborations, search for information, and collect and analyze data (590). In comparison to other schools around the area, Zucker and Hug found that the students performances on standardized tests improved significantly. Overall, they concluded, apparently not only do the laptops not harm DSSTs physics students, the tudy suggests that teachers and students valued and benefited from using the technology for teaching and learning (593). Both doctors acknowledged that the negative affects of using the laptops in the classroom are off-task students and technological issues. Despite the issues, the program at the Denver School of Technology shows that students can learn by using laptops in the classroom. The students at the school became more engaged in the lessons and benefited from a more interactive class setting. There are many who do not believe in the hype of technology in the classroom because there is no proof to suggest that it improves tudent learning. In the article, Technology Uses and Student Achievement: A Longitudinal Study, Jing Lei, an Associate Professor in the School of Education at Syracuse University, concluded that using more technology does not improve learning or achievement. She did a study on students and teachers at a middle school in Ohio (286). Like Zucker and Hug, Lei conducted her study by having the teachers and students answer surveys and participate in interviews. The participants were asked questions such as: what do you use computers for, how much time do you spend on computers, and more (287). Lei found that using technology for longer amounts of time can actually be worse for the students; the students would usually get involved in activities that were not related to the academic content. The same position was expressed in the article Technology and its Impact in the Classroom. Rozalind G Muir-Herzig, the author, did a study on at rise students at a high school in Ohio. The study was conducted to examine the how the use of technology (computers) during instruction impacted at-risk students. Schools typically use the following criteria for identifying at-risk students: failing grades, low GPA, and/or high bsenteeism of a student (1 13). During the study, teachers responded to questions about their own proficiency wi th technology as well as their students proficiency with technology. He found that teachers technology use, students technology use, and overall technology use have no significant positive effect on the grades and attendance of students (1 11). Overall, Herzig concluded that technology didnt help student learning. In short, student learning and achievement is dependent upon how the technology is used in the classroom. If the instructor is not using the tools in n effective way, then the consequence is that there are not going to be any significant gains in student performance. There could be many confounding reasons that explain why using the computers in these schools did not help the students. For example, maybe there werent enough resources (number of computers) to give to everyone or maybe the teachers werent familiar with the software and how to use it for interactive lessons. Nonetheless, the performance of the students cannot be blamed solely on the inclusion of technology in the classroom. In the article, Learning with Laptops: Implementation and Outcomes in an Urban, Under-privileged School, Chrystalla Mouza, an Associate Professor in the School of Education at the University of Delaware, conducted a study on a single elementary school that was made up of predominately minority students from low-income neighborhoods. Mouza paired laptop and non-laptop classrooms over the course of the school year in order to have two comparable student populations that would reveal the significance of the technology (467). Mouzas research suggested that having the laptops in the classroom did have a positive influence on the students performance, motivation, and engagement. Students appeared enthusiastic about having laptops and reported enjoying school more learn[ing] things in different ways and direct[ing] their own learning. As a result, they became more motivated, exhibited greater academic engagement, and often went beyond required assignments (468). She also stated that [the] qualitative data indicated that the laptop program produced academic gains in writing and mathematics within the laptop group (447). Mouzas study proved that using laptops in the classroom can have a positive impact on students attitude about school. While the students in the non-laptop classrooms still ad a negative disposition towards school, Mouza described the kids who were apart of the laptop classrooms as being genuinely excited to come to school. They wanted to engage in the classroom activities. They wanted to complete the assignments. They wanted to continue to explore the subject without the teachers guidance. A students attitude towards school plays a huge role in whether that student will exceed in school or not. If having laptops makes the students more excited to come to school and learn, then the outcome will be positive. Researchers are also discovering that sing media technology, like social networking, digital gaming, and virtual simulations, in the classroom might be beneficial for students. In the research paper, Using the Technology of Today, in the Classroom of Today, a group of students who attend the Massachusetts Institute of Technology conducted research on specific classrooms in grades k 2 They tound that these technologies attord us the ability convey concepts in new ways that would otherwise not be possible, efficient, or effective, with other instructional methods (4). Since digital technology is such a normal part of young peoples lives, infusing educational programs into the urriculum through these mediums is only reasonable. Not only could it make learning more interesting for these students, but it could also improve student achievement. The researches concluded that Not only is this highly motivating and engaging for students, it allows students to retain, connect and transfer learning from these experiences to future learning and experiences (9). If more personal laptops were included in classrooms, teachers could integrate these different activitiesgaming and simulationsinto the classroom. By using technological mediums that the students are familiar with, the learning environment could become ore comfortable for these students. It could cause the students to become more open to learning new concepts; it could also cause the students to better understand the concepts. Andrew S. Clark, the founder and CEO of Bridgepoint Education, asserts, digital integration in education, from e-textbooks to predictive analytics in online learning, is part of a trend toward greater efficacy, accountability and affordability in the American classroom (1). He suggests that in order for America to move forward and make educational gains, the country must adapt to the world of today. He believes that American students (k-12) are falling behind their foreign counterparts in education. His claims can be supported with evidence. In 2009, the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) administered a test called the Program for International Student Assessment (PISA) to 15 year-olds across the world. The results of the performance of American students placed America 1 5th to 25th worldwide in reading, math, and science. Many believe that America is going to continue to fall behind in education if the current education system does not improve significantly. Although incorporating technology in the classroom isnt the only way to help bridge the gap between American students and their foreign counterparts, it is a step in the right direction. In her article, New Technologies in the Classroom, Jodi Pilgrim, an assistant professor and teacher in the Education Department at the University of Mary Hardin-Baylor, proclaims technology offers educators a way to engage students in learning that translates to real-world applications (22). What is more important than real-world applications? The reason for attending school is to prepare students for the real world. When students raduate from high school, they have a choice of going to college or getting a Job. If school systems (k-12) dont prepare students well enough, then a potential effect could be that the students wont be able to compete in college. As a result, the number of students attending and graduating from college could decline, which would affect the total number of people attaining upper-level Jobs. If students are not able to get upper-level Jobs, like Jobs in health, science, and engineering, then America might not be able to compete on the global level. Its like a domino affect; one problem could lead to more problems. While technology is not the only way to achieve real-world applications, as proved by older generations that didnt have access to technology, technology does prepare younger students for the world of tomorrow. Technology will prepare them for the world in which they will have to compete. There are many people who believe that advocators tor technology in the classroom give too much credit to the technology and undermine the role of the teacher. For example, Technology Does not Make a Classroom Successful, the Teacher Does, is a personal article by Pernille Ripp, an elementary school teacher and the creator of the Global Read Aloud project. In her article, Ripp argues that its the teachers Job to make the classroom as instructive as possible. l dont care how many computers you stick in a room, if a teacher is not facilitating them properly then they wont make a lick of difference (1). She believes that people are getting too invested in technology fixing our broken education system (1). She argues that teachers knowing how to use the tools effectively in order to engage the students and promoting productive learning is the most important factor in student learning. Although some may argue that using technology in the classroom undermines the ole of the teacher, many educational technology advocates acknowledge that the teachers role in the classroom is paramount. For example, in the interview, Transforming Education with Technology: A Conversation with Karen Cator, Karen Cator, director of the Office of Educational Technology, made strong claims about the education system (k-12) of the near future. In this digital learning environment, well incorporate cognitive tutors and integrate simulations, visualizations of complex math and science concepts, videos, and animated demonstrations. And we need to make sure the environments are fully accessible to all students (18). Cator acknowledges that it will be difficult to ensure that each student has his or her own technolo gical device; however, she does believe that it is important for school systems across America to make this available to students. She believes that having devices, like laptops and tablets, will become a normJust like bringing a notebook and pencil pouch to class is a norm today. Although Cator stresses that using technology in the classroom will benefit the students, she still understands the significance of the teacher. She advocates for using technology to support learning goals (20). She claims that teachers should connect with other teachers, try to find resources, and participate in professional development in order to improve their students learning. Many education officials have this same viewpoint. In an interview with Laysha Kemp, a special education coordinator who has a masters degree in educational technology, the main topic of discussion was the impact that technology has on student learning. In her words, technology will only make so much of a difference the major influence on student achievement is how the teachers use that technology to interact with the class. Kemp, like many other educational technology advocators, understands that the teacher has the greatest influence on student learning because the teacher facilitates the learning environment. Some may also argue that using media technology will hinder students from truly learning and influence the downward spiral of our education system. In Technology Changing How Students Learn, Teachers Say, Richtel, a technology reporter for the New York Times, interviewed teachers about their perception of their students use of technology. Richtels evidence suggests that teachers believe that students attention pans are being affected by technology in a negative way. In his interview, about 71 percent said they thought technology was hurting attention span somewhat or a lot. About 60 percent said it hindered students ability to write and communicate nurt critical thinking and their ability to do homeworV (1). The teachers also claimed that they had to entertain the students to get them more involved in the class activity. Many of the teachers expressed that if there wasnt a skit, song, or dance infused into the lesson, then the students were disengaged and uninterested. Today, oung st udents (k-12) are constantly bombarded with new information, new games, and new interactive sites over media technology. The technological world in which they live in is so fast-paced. Teachers should expect that they will have to be more creative to get the students involved in instruction. The problem is not that students are not able to pay attention and learn the material. The problem is that the classrooms and teaching styles have not changed, even though the way students learn has changed. By using laptops in the classroom, the teachers could incorporate skits, songs, and dances into the lesson through virtual simulations. The teachers would be satisfied with not having to perform these activities themselves and the students would be satisfied with the teaching format. The outcome would be positive for both parties. Rethinking Education in the Age of Technology: The Digital Revolution and Schooling in America is a book written by Allan Collins, a professor emeritus of education and social policy at Northwestern University, and Richard Halverson, an associate professor of educational leadership and policy analysis at the University of Wisconsin Madison. The purpose of the book is to encourage a radical hange in our educational system. Collins and Halverson claim that technological advances have become huge parts of our daily lives, social lives, and career lives. However, technology is still lagging in the educational realm (k-12). By the 21st century, we have seen great technological and social changes that have yet to be reflected in the schools (62). In a world where technology is such a big part of our lives, this issue should not be occurring. Instead, school systems and teachers should be knowledgeable about how to use these technological devices, especially laptops, for educational advantages. Collins and Halveron also argued that The current school system does not help students develop intrinsic motivation to learn (131). In other words, the students are simply bored with school. They are disconnected from the learning environment because it is outdated; it no longer represents the time period in which we exist. In the debate of whether including laptops into the classrooms is useful for students or not, the advantages far outweigh the disadvantages. Laptops get the students more engaged and interested in the lessons. Students genuinely enjoy being involved in interactive class settings. When tudents are guiding their own learning, they are much more receptive to what is being taught to them, which transpires into their learning and achievement. Although students can become distracted and use the laptops for activities other than academics, there are guidelines and consequences that can be put into place to ensure that this doesnt happen during instruction time. In addition, even though some researchers have not found any significant evidence to prove that technology improves student learning, their lack of evidence should not cause the entire educational system to abandon the prospect of including more technology in the lassroom as a whole. If teachers are trained on how to use technological devices, like laptops, for educational purposes, then the possibilities of what can be incorporated into the curriculum would be endless. A good educational instructor, coupled with the vast amenities that laptops provide tor the classroom setting, makes the pertect learning environment. Laptops are the perfect devices to finally bring our educational system up to speed with the 21st century.

Guide to Creating an Effective Case Study

There’s no denying the power of case studies, especially for landing B2B clients. They can tangibly demonstrate your value while explaining the story of how your solution helped a real-life client meet a need or overcome a pain point. Importantly, they showcase your effectiveness without being too salesy and are proven to work. In a recent survey by the Content Marketing Institute, 60% of B2B marketers reported that case studies have been effective for them. Sound like a must-have addition to your content marketing toolbox? Here are some of the benefits of case studies and how to create a great one for your business. Why Case Studies Work What makes case studies such terrific marketing tools? A few different factors contribute to their power: People love stories: Good content marketing is all about storytelling and case studies are no exception. People tend to tune out when they feel like they’re being fed a sales pitch. However, one survey found that 92% of consumers say they are more open to receiving media messages in the form of a story. An effective case study contains all the elements of a great story – it features characters that potential customers can relate to and it helps readers understand the benefits of your products or services. Best of all, it always has an ending where everyone is happy. Case studies offer valuable social proof: When you’re planning to purchase a product or service, what do you do first? Chances are you ask family, friends or colleagues about their experiences with a product or service. You probably also do some online research. These word-of-mouth recommendations are powerful – studies show that 9 out of 10 consumers check out online reviews before making a purchasing decision. Case studies are a little like reviews and testimonials, only better. With B2B buying cycles usually requiring more in-depth information for decision makers, they give prospective customers a sneak preview of what they can expect if they purchase the product or service. Case studies help your business get exposure: You can publish case studies on your website, but you can also take advantage of other outlets to help your business gain visibility and leads. Try sharing a case study on a LinkedIn group that’s specific to your industry or you can even turn your case study into an infographic to share on social media. Case studies are powerful, as long as they’re well-crafted. Here are a few tips to help you create case studies that convert: Keep your ideal customer in mind: When a potential customer reads your case study, you want them to feel confident that your business understands their needs and can deliver results. So, if your ideal customer is someone in the field of education, write a case study about how your product or service was implemented at a university. People who read success stories that occurred in their own industry will believe that the same solutions are likely to work for them as well. Find an ideal customer to collaborate with: One of the more challenging parts of doing a case study is finding a compelling and willing customer. Try to choose a customer you already have a good relationship with and do everything you can to make it an easy decision for them. Make it clear what you would need from time in terms of time and you can even throw in an incentive if they are still reluctant. Tell the whole story: An effective case study will tell readers quite a bit about the featured customer – their needs, their goals, how your business helped them and the results. If you want to score extra points with your case study, follow up with that customer later and update your case study to illustrate how your products or service continue to deliver value. This shows that your business sets out to provide long-term benefits to customers, not just short term sales. Provide real numbers: Your case study should be as clear as possible, so avoid any discussions of data that can have ambiguous meanings. Don’t just say you doubled your website traffic – â€Å"doubling† could be nothing more than an increase from 50 to 100 visits, or it could be a huge leap from 20,000 to 40,000 visits. When your readers see real numbers, they can better envision what your products or services can deliver for them. Don’t forget about formatting: Treat your case studies the same as you would blog posts and informational articles on your website. Importantly, break up text with various formatting elements to avoid a â€Å"wall of text.† You can do this with headers, bulleted lists and images to help readers skim to find what’s most important to them. Help people find them: There’s no point in having a treasure trove of great case studies if nobody can find them. Make sure your website is organized so that visitors have no trouble locating your case studies. Have a dedicated page devoted to â€Å"Case Studies,† â€Å"Solutions and Use Cases† or even â€Å"Success Stories,† and link to it from your home page or product page. If you need to attract and convince more customers, a few good case studies might be exactly what you need. Creating a case study may seem like a daunting task at first, but breaking it down into smaller, more manageable chunks can help you stay on track. With a few strong case studies in your arsenal, your sales team will have a much easier time convincing customers to purchase.

The Danger of Long-Term Exposure with Crystal Meth Essays

The Danger of Long-Term Exposure with Crystal Meth Essays The Danger of Long-Term Exposure with Crystal Meth Paper The Danger of Long-Term Exposure with Crystal Meth Paper Methamphetamine, more famously recognized in its street name as â€Å"Crystal Meth†, is a silent killer among long-term users. The effects vary widely and depend on the amount taken, time of exposure with the drug, methods of consumption, user’s weight, age, and lifestyle. It is a powerful stimulant that even small doses can have an immediate effect and last longer in the brain than most of the common street drugs. In 2006, 1. 9 million Americans age 12 and older had abused the drug at least once (National Institute on Drug Abuse, 2008). Instead of creating a rush in sensation, Crystal Meth provides a longer-lasting high of up to 12 hours just from an initial intake. This sudden high is believed to have resulted from high-level of neurotransmitter dopamine exposure. Dopamine is responsible for the pleasurable sensations in the brain that creates a â€Å"sense of well being†. Aside from the high, users also experience increased alertness, rapid talking, and eye wiggles. Long-term Crystal Meth abuse produces permanent and damaging effects, both physically and psychologically. Addiction is the most documented psychological side-effect of prolonged methamphetamine usage. It is a continual, degenerating disease, described by compulsive drug-seeking and drug abuse. It is triggered by the functional and molecular changes in the brain. Tolerance on the drug will only heighten the addiction level because users will need larger dosage to achieve the same desired effects. Chronic abuse can lead to psychotic behavior, characterized by intense paranoia, mood disorders brought by visual and auditory hallucinations, out of control rages illustrated by a sudden burst of anger and shouting. Interviews from patients in rehabilitation areas around Toronto showed that they continue to feel a tingling sensation of insects creeping on their skin. This irritating feeling made them scratch and pick at their skin that results to open sores and infection. These psychological effects are intensified when the user suddenly stops taking the drug. Temporary physiological effects include hyperactivity, decrease in appetite, increase in stamina and energy, involuntary body movements, nausea, skin irritations and headaches. There is also a problem known as â€Å"Meth mouth† where users have rotting teeth because of reduced blood flow. Cardiovascular problems found are increase in heart rate, irregular heartbeat, and irreversible, stroke-producing damage to small blood vessels that will eventually lead to stroke and heart failures. Extended dependency or overdose effects can include a change in the sleeping pattern, restlessness, gastrointestinal narrowing from lengthened eating disorders, tremor and weakened immunity. Prolonged use of up to several years can lead to erectile dysfunction, liver, kidney and lung damage. Scientific studies on animals with long-term methamphetamine exposure have confirmed that it has toxic effects on the dopamine-containing areas of the brain. The toxic effect of the drug has been the leading cause of death in Honolulu, Hawaii. According to Chief Medical Examiner Dr. Kanthi De Alwis, this deadly drug could be the liable for 80 fatalities in the region within the year. An increase in stroke, bronchial asthma and heart attacks can point to Crystal Meth dependency. Even only on the early month of August, 44 deaths have been listed as methamphetamine-related. It has been alarming for her to discover that these natural deaths like stroke can now be caused by using Crystal Meth on a long-term basis (Gordon, 2004). Stopping the danger of overdose and long-exposure from methamphetamines may already be too late for those patients that have received permanent damage. Proper awareness from the effects of this drug can save thousands of lives in the United States alone. Contacting a medical professional is advisable. Institutions like the Center for Addiction and Mental Health in Toronto can give advice to those family members who want to rehabilitate their love ones who are Crystal Meth dependent. Reference Methamphetamine – NIDA Drugs of Abuse and Related Topics (2008). Retrieved September 29, 2008, from nida. nih. gov/DrugPages/Methamphetamine. html Information About Crytsal Meth. (2006). Center for Addiction and Mental Health. Toronto. Retrieved September 29, 2008, from camh. net/About_Addiction_ Mental_Health/Drug_and_Addiction_Information/crystal_meth_information. html Gordon, Mike. (2004). Crytsal Meth Kills in Unexpected Ways. Retrieved September 29, 2008, from http://the. honoluluadvertiser. com/article/2004/Sep/05/ln/ln03a. html

Naturalized Epistemology Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Naturalized Epistemology - Term Paper Example This implies that ‘x’ is in such context or state that the possibility of ‘x’ being known is increased. Finally, third, the question of certainty, which is highlighted by the question by the question ‘how do I know that I know x? In the face of such questions, can it be hold that certainty is something that eludes humanity since the basis for the certainty of what people may claim to know is not stable and solid. In fact, some modern philosophers have asserted the supposition that maybe there is an evil demon that is playing a trick on us making people believe that x can be known when in fact, it is not. Nonetheless, what is vital in this scenario is that epistemology has been considered as humanity’s response to uncertainty as presented by the malum genie. In this sense, epistemology has become field that sought to eliminate uncertainty by providing the solid ground wherein one may claim with certainty that one has a knowledge of X. Is this que st of epistemology significant? Coming from a common perspective, the certainty of what we may claim to know is vital in the relationship with our claims regarding the world and the ensuing empirical claims, in which, scientific knowledge is claimed to be anchored. Unfortunately, epistemology is still in the process of discourse how can people justify what they claim they know even if the ultimate goal of epistemology is to provide the certainty that what proceeds from our claims about the world are in fact rooted in that experienced of the world. In this condition, Quine argues for the futility of the epistemological quest for certainty and affords a re-framing of epistemology, belief, justification and knowledge. In this regard, this paper have the following structure. The first part of the paper will deal with the arguments raise by Quine against the epistemological goal of certainty and his proposal regarding what ought to be done to epistemology. Meanwhile, the second part deal s with the criticisms against Quine’s position. The third part will be the exposition of the researcher’s view regarding the debate. Finally, the last section is the conclusion. Hopefully, in the end a clearer understanding of both sides is attained. On Quine Quine’s counter-arguments regarding achieving certainty through epistemology is grounded on the position that Arithmetic itself, which has long been considered as certain because of its deductive method has been proven to be incomplete by Godel’s Incompleteness Theorem (71). Creating a parallel argument, Quine claims that since arithmetic itself which is considered as certain because of the rigors of deduction has been proven to be incapable of being grounded or fully justified, how much more is epistemology whose knowledge claims are built on induction. This is a very important criticism against the certainty of epistemology which is grounded on induction and the â€Å"Humean Predicament† is the counter –arguments against induction. This asserts that no theory can be derived from mere observation. Primarily because there is no way that the validity of the observation is transferred to the theory derived from it. In the same sense, Quine is raising the argument that if arithmetic itself is something that cannot be validly deduced from the theorems themselves, which is already a close system, how much more are the epistemological claims made about the world. In this regard, both conceptual reduction and doctrinal reduction are

Portfolio Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words - 2

Portfolio - Essay Example When the fundamentals are portrayed to be poor, not only does it indicate a poor investment opportunity, but it also hinders the growth of the industry. It is usually a bad image and information to the insurance clients if they realize that their insurance company is not in good financial position to pay them, if it is faced with a huge number of claims. Taking a look at the current performance of the insurance industry, it is hard to predict the position that insurance companies will occupy in future. Even an insurance company is successful in the present period does not guarantee success in future. Some of the reasons leading to future uncertainties of insurance industry include customer experience. For instance, if the insurance company does not offer products desired by the customer, then him or her will automatically go elsewhere searching for the same product. it is thus important for insurance companies to find issues affecting their clients and come up with appropriate ways of responding to the identified issues. Basing on the present characteristics of customers, it is apparent that the future customer will be at the center stage in shaping the system of life insurance. Available researches have revealed that the new customer is not ready to buy products unless he has full information of it. In addition, future customers will not have time to interact with agents or having a conversation with them. Many future customers will be interested in finding out facts about life insurance and not just talking to agents. In spite of the fact that agents are very helpful through provision of information to the insured, future customers will mostly avoid speaking to the agents and instead find out facts about products offered by various insurance companies on their own. Thus future customers will be mostly relying on their personal research so as to vet insurance companies and their respective policies. Therefore, insurance

Hypnosis A personlised induction to hynosis will always be more Essay

Hypnosis A personlised induction to hynosis will always be more effective. ''Discuss'' - Essay Example Emotion should never be avoided because it will work on the individual's sub-conscience. The commands should be stressed and emotionally underlined and according to therapists, slight overacting works very well. Conceptual negatives are comprised with words like no, not, never, which are, traditionally not used it hypnosis scripts, can be used in personalised scripts in a very suggestive and forceful way, without conveying a negative meaning. "There is no need for you hesitate; you will find the entire experience exhilarating!" Four sense test increases the power of the suggestion by lengthening it. This only means decorating the expectations of the hypnotised person, by glorifying it. By creating a sensational visualisation, with powerful and persuasive approach the theorist can improve the impact tremendously. According to recent researches, hypnosis has the power to change the functioning of the brain, by using functional brain imaging, according to John Gruzlier. (http://www.newscientist.com/article/dn6385-hypnosis-really-changes-your-mind.html ) It has always been known that mind works differently while in hypnotised state and this proves the compliance theory wrong.

Observing Mitosis In The Cells Of Garlic Biology Essay

Observing Mitosis In The Cells Of Garlic Biology Essay Aim: To observe the stages of the cell cycle in living tissue, generally and specifically in the meristematic cells of the root of garlic and hence consider the duration of the stages of mitosis in relation to the whole cell cycle. Introduction: The  cell cycle, or  cell-division cycle, is the series of events that takes place in a  cell  leading to its division and duplication (replication). In cells without a nucleus (prokaryotes), the cell cycle occurs via a process termed  binary fission. In cells with a nucleus (eukaryotes), the cell cycle can be divided in two brief periods:  interphase-during which the cell grows, accumulating nutrients needed for mitosis andduplicating its DNA-and the  mitosis  (M) phase, during which the cell splits itself into two distinct cells, often called daughter cells. The cell-division cycle is a vital process by which a single-celled  fertilized egg  develops into a mature organism, as well as the process by which  hair,  skin,  blood cells, and some internal organs are renewed. [1] Figure 1: The cell cycle http://adasilva.glogster.com/chapter-10-bio/ Mitosis is the process that facilitates the equal partitioning of replicated chromosomes into two identical groups. Before partitioning can occur, the chromosomes must become aligned so that the separation process can occur in an orderly fashion. The alignment of replicated chromosomes and their separation into two groups is a process that can be observed in virtually all eukaryotic cells. [2] Both the alignment and separation processes are the consequence of the chromosomes interacting with filamentous proteinaceous structures, known as microtubules. The microtubules become organized into a biconical array known as a spindle, which forms early in mitosis, and then disassembles as mitosis nears completion. Mitotic spindles are visible in living cells with the polarizing light microscope. Some of the spindle microtubules become attached to the chromosomes at sites known as kinetochores. The kinetochores cannot be seen with the light microscope, but they reside near the place on the chromosome known as its centromere, which can be observed with the light microscope. There are two kinetochores on each replicated chromosome (one on each chromatid), and when the replicated chromosome splits apart at its centromere at the onset of anaphase, each daughter chromosome possesses one centromere and one kinetochore. The linkages between kinetochores and microtubules are thought to be central in controlling both the positioning of the replicated chromosome at the central portion of the spindle during the alignment phase, and in moving the daughter chromosomes apart after they split at their centromeres. The separation of daughter cells from each other is a process known as cytokinesis, and is separate from mitosis. In cytokinesis, animal and plant cells differ considerably from each other. These differences are the consequence of having or not having a cell wall. Cytokinesis in fungi reveals some similarities with plant cells, and exhibits other features unique to the group.[2] Figure 1: Illustration of the process by which somatic cells multiply and divide. http://www.accessexcellence.org/RC/VL/GG/mitosis.php The specimen used in this experiment is the root of garlic where the meristematic cells are actively dividing. Cell division in flowering plants takes place in particular regions of the plant called  meristems. Cells in meristems are not specialized for any particular function and divide repeatedly by mitosis. Some of the daughter cells remain meristematic; others cease dividing and become differentiated into appropriate cell types depending on their position. The root tip meristem is usually a denser white and more rounded than the cut end. Chromosomes in root tip tissue are made visible with the stain. Dividing cells (if present) will show up clearly with chromosomes in different forms according to the stage of mitosis. Individual chromosomes (as tightly-coiled threads) are visible during anaphase. The links between the cellulose walls of plant cells are broken down by the treatment with hydrochloric acid. This ensures that the stain can penetrate the cells and allows the tissue to be squashed out one cell thick. [3] References: [1] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell_cycle [2] http://www.life.umd.edu/CBMG/faculty/wolniak/wolniakmitosis.html [3] http://www.practicalbiology.org/areas/advanced/cells-to-systems/cell-division/investigating-mitosis-in-allium-root-tip-squash,121,EXP.html Objective: Mitosis occurs in four phases as a continuous process without break in between the phases. Before mitosis, the cells are in rest during interphase stage. The activity of chromosomes is significant in determining the stages of cell division. Therefore, to observe the chromosomes, the root cells are stained. There are two types of stains used; the toluidine blue stain. The toluidine blue stain causes the cytoplasm to appear light blue in colour while the chromosomes appear dark blue. In this experiment, the cells in the root tip of garlic is squashed, stained and observed under compound microscope to observe the stages mitosis. Apparatus: Compound microscope, 2 Watch glasses, dropper, tissue paper, microscope slide, cover slip, forceps, mounted needles, stopwatch, scalpel or sharp knife, eye protection, small sample tube, filter paper, eye goggles. Materials: Toluidine blue stain, 1M hydrochloric acid, 1 clove of garlic with roots, cold distilled water Procedure: 1-2 cm of root tips of growing garlic roots are cut off. The root tips are ensured to be chosen from those which are white and have a firm rounded end. The root tips are put into watch glass containing 2 cm3 of 1 M hydrochloric acid for exactly 5 minutes. The root tips are then transferred into watch glass containing approximately 5 cm3 cold water, and left for 4-5 minutes. The root tips are then dried on filter papers. Figure 3 : The root tips are transferred into glass with cold water The root tips are then transferred onto a clean microscope slide. 4-5 mm of the root tips are cut and kept, while the rest are discarded. The root tips are gently broken up with a mounted needle by a process called maceration. Figure 4 : The root tips are break up A small drop of toluidine blue stain is added to the root tips and left for 2 minutes. The tips are covered with a coverslip, and blotted firmly with several layers of tissue. The coverslip is pressed gently to spread the root tip. The samples are then viewed under the microscope (x40 magnifications) and the nuclei of the cells are located. The microscope lens is switched to higher power (x100, x400 and x1000 magnifications and look for cells with chromosomes. Figure 5 : The cells are observed under light microscope The regularly shaped, actively dividing cells are focused and counted for every phases of mitosis. The data obtained are recorded and tabulated. Results: Stages Of Mitosis Interphase Prophase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase Total Cell counted 22 15 3 3 2 35 Percentage 62.9 14.3 8.6 8.6 5.7 100 Table 1 : The stages of mitosis and the respective cell count and percentage Calculation of the mitotic index : Mitotic index = number of cell containing visible chromosome total number of cells in the field of view Mitotic index = Interphase Interphase is the period where the cell prepares itself before cell division. It is a phase before the mitosis. The chromosomes are uncoiled and it fills the nucleus. DNA replication occurs during this stage. The nuclear envelope is visible the centrioles appear and so do the nucleolus. Prophase During prophase, the replicated chromosomes undergo extensive condensation or coiling. The chromosomes are greatly thickened and shortened but are still contained within the nuclear envelope. Prophase ends with the sudden dispersion of the nuclear envelope. The chromosomes start to coil, shorten, and become distinct. The mitotic spindle or polar fibers begin to form from the poles of the cell towards the equator. Metaphase Chromosomes line up along the equator of the cell or what is called the metaphase plate. Polar fibers have reached the centromeres of the chromosomes and have begun interacting with them. Each kinetochore, plate like structure of the replicated chromosome is pointed toward one side of the spindle. The replicated chromosomes converge toward the center of the spindle, and once they get there, significant movements cease. On either sides of each centromere are sites for kinetochore microtubule. Anaphase Anaphase commences with the initial splitting of sister chromatids at their centromeres. These daughter chromosomes then begin to separate from each other, each moving away from the metaphase plate and toward one of the two spindle pole regions. Anaphase ends when the daughter chromosomes reach the end of the cell. Since the sister chromatids are identical copies of the original chromosomes, each pole of the cell will have a set of complete and identical chromosomes as in the parent cell. Telophase In telophase, the daughter chromosomes arrive at the spindle poles and are eventually redistributed into chromatin. After complete separation of the chromosomes and their extrusion to the spindle poles, the nuclear membrane begins to reform around each group of chromosomes at the opposite ends of the cell. The nucleoli also reappear in what will eventually become the two new cell nuclei. A new nuclear membrane forms. The new cell walls grow to form the two new, identical daughter cells. The cytokinesis process starts to happen in order to complete the division of the two new cells. Discussion: After observing the mitosis process, we knew that percentages of the cells in each stage are different. In the experiment using toluidine blue stain, we observed that 22 cells out of 35 cells undergone interphase which covered 62.9% of the cells. There are 15 cells undergone prophase covering 14.3% of the cells. Metaphase and anaphase have the same percentage which is 8.6%. While 2 cells undergone telophase which covered 5.7%. The mitotic index using toluldine blue stain is which suggest that only 37.14% of the cells in our view were undergoing mitosis and the rest are still in interphase. The percentage of cells in each stage is related to the length of time a cell spends in each stage of mitosis. The greater the percentage of cells in a stage, the longer the time spent by each cell in that stage. Based on the table 1, it is clearly shown that the largest percentage of cells is found to be at interphase. Interphase is often referred as the resting phase. Interphase is the stage in which the cells prepare themselves to undergo mitosis. Since interphase has the largest percentage of cells, therefore each cell spends the longest time being at interphase stage. Metaphase and anaphase occupies the same length of time and same percentage of cells. This means cells spend almost equal length of time being at both phases. Telophase on the other hand, has the lowest percentage which means the shortest period of time a cell spends is during telophase. Prophase, being the first stage of mitosis has the second highest percentage of cells. It means compared to metaphase, anaphase and telophase, prophase is the stage of mitosis in which each cell spends the most time. From the results, we knew that most of the cells spent longer time in interphase because cell growth, replication of the chro mosomes, and many other activities are taking place during this time. The cells need to prepare first for the mitotic division to occur. On the other hand, based on results on table 2, is it clearly shown that, the size of cell during interphase is the smallest among all followed by the size of cell during prophase, metaphase, anaphase and finally the size of cell is the biggest during telophase. This is because, during interphase the cell will never grow in size exactly as the cell prepares itself for cell division. Meanwhile, during telophase the cell actually splitting into two daughter cells and it is obvious that the cell would have grown in size. This experiment use the garlic root tips tissue for observing the mitosis process because the stages of development in plant growth can be distinctly observed at this part which is known as meristem. This meristem is actively divided by mitosis. So, every stage of mitosis can be observed clearly. We ensure that our results are reliable because we use 3 samples of root tip. This could minimize the error during this experiment and we can compare the results for each sample. Besides that, we stained the samples using toluidine blue first so that we can observe the chromosomes clearly. We believed that our results are valid because the outcomes from the experiment are the same with what we expect based on the theory and our results are quite similar with the other groups results. Not only that, the usage of toluidine blue is reliable, cheaper and easy to handle with. In a way, it is simple and it helps produce results quicker compared to the usage of other staining. Conclusion: Mitosis can be divided into four different stages; prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase. In conclusion, the mitosis process is a random process. So, different types of sample will have different length of time for mitosis to complete. Other than that, the longest stage of cell cycle is interphase with the highest percentage followed by metaphase and anaphase while the shortest stage is telophase with the lowest percentage. The greater the percentage of cells in a stage, the longer the time spent by each cell in that stage. Hypothesis is accepted.

Women in the Workforce Essay example -- Gender Studies

As the times change, so do the standards. Women previously have been looked at as homemakers, housewives, subordinates. In this new century, this has changed dramatically. Not only have women sought extensive amounts of education, they have sought means to expand and solidify their skills. Although women continue to face discrimination, the qualifications of the playing field have leveled out. According to the United States Bureau of Labor Statistics (2012), in 2011, women accounted for 47 percent of the workforce (ages 16 and over). Their occupations varied, as well as their marital status and their status as a mother. Also, according to the U.S. Department of Commerce Economics and Statistics Administration (2011), 14 percent of households are headed by single women, whereas only 6 percent of households are headed by single men. There are more households headed by women, which means more women are the sole earners of income in their household. The workplace plays a critical role in the lives of women. In addition, more women than men aged 24-35 earned college degrees based on 2007-2008 data (U.S. Department of Commerce Economics and Statistics Administration, 2011). This is a more educated workforce with the possibility to make a significant impact in the areas of advancement (e.g. innovation), knowledge transfer (e.g. mentoring), and leadership (e.g. management). Consequently, the policies of companies that employ women can have a positive or negative effect on their households, career advancement and earning potential, as well as the lives of those that depend on them. Mary Van der Boon (2003) in her article titled, â€Å"Women in international management: An international perspective on women’s ways of leadership†, descri... ...sidered as a matter of respect. Secondarily, when having to travel to areas women have never traveled before; their safety is of highest concern. So surely, gender should be aggressively considered in terms of safety and cultural respect. Works Cited Bloch, S. (2011). Expat women: Job & careers abroad. Retrieved from http://www.expatwomen. com/expat-women-jobs-careers-abroad/8-steps-to-dissolving-the-glass-ceiling-susan- bloch.php Drury, M. (2011). Women technology leaders: Gender issues in higher education information technology. NASPA Journal about Women in Higher Education, 4(1), 96-123. Ihlwain, M. (April, 2008). Cracks in a particular glass ceiling. Business Week, 58. Van der Boon, M. (2003). Women in international management: An international perspective on women’s ways of leadership. Gender in Management, 18(3/4), 132-146.

Part Six Chapter III

III Andrew had refused a lift back to Hilltop House, so it was only Tessa and Fats in the car together, and Fats said, ‘I don't want to go home.' ‘All right,' Tessa replied, and she drove, while talking to Colin on the telephone. ‘I've got him †¦ Andy found him. We'll be back in a bit †¦ Yes †¦ Yes, I will †¦' Tears were spattering down Fats' face; his body was betraying him; it was exactly like the time when hot urine had spilt down his leg into his sock, when Simon Price had made him piss himself. The hot saltiness leaked over his chin and onto his chest, pattering like drops of rain. He kept imagining the funeral. A tiny little coffin. He had not wanted to do it with the boy so near. Would the weight of the dead child ever lift from him? ‘So you ran away,' said Tessa coldly, over his tears. She had prayed that she would find him alive, but her strongest emotion was disgust. His tears did not soften her. She was used to men's tears. Part of her was ashamed that he had not, after all, thrown himself into the river. ‘Krystal told the police that you and she were in the bushes. You just left him to his own devices, did you?' Fats was speechless. He could not believe her cruelty. Did she not understand the desolation roaring inside him, the horror, the sense of contagion? ‘Well, I hope you have got her pregnant,' said Tessa. ‘It'll give her something to live for.' Every time they turned a corner, he thought that she was taking him home. He had feared Cubby most, but now there was nothing to choose between his parents. He wanted to get out of the car, but she had locked all the doors. Without warning, she swerved and braked. Fats, clutching the sides of his seat, saw that they were in a lay-by on the Yarvil bypass. Frightened that she would order him out of the car, he turned his swollen face to her. ‘Your birth mother,' she said, looking at him as she had never done before, without pity or kindness, ‘was fourteen years old. We had the impression, from what we were told, that she was middle class, quite a bright girl. She absolutely refused to say who your father was. Nobody knew whether she was trying to protect an under-age boyfriend or something worse. We were told all of this, in case you had any mental or physical difficulties. In case,' she said clearly, like a teacher trying to emphasize a point sure to come up in a test, ‘you had been the result of incest.' He cowered away from her. He would have preferred to be shot. ‘I was desperate to adopt you,' she said. ‘Desperate. But Dad was very ill. He said to me, â€Å"I can't do it. I'm scared I'll hurt a baby. I need to get better before we do this, and I can't do that and cope with a new baby as well.† ‘But I was so determined to have you,' said Tessa, ‘that I pressured him into lying, and telling the social workers that he was fine, and pretending to be happy and normal. We brought you home, and you were tiny and premature, and on the fifth night we had you, Dad slipped out of bed and went to the garage, put a hosepipe on the exhaust of the car and tried to kill himself, because he was convinced he'd smothered you. And he almost died. ‘So you can blame me,' said Tessa, ‘for your and Dad's bad start, and maybe you can blame me for everything that's come since. But I'll tell you this, Stuart. Your father's spent his life facing up to things he never did. I don't expect you to understand his kind of courage. But,' her voice broke at last, and he heard the mother he knew, ‘he loves you, Stuart.' She added the lie because she could not help herself. Tonight, for the first time, Tessa was convinced that it was a lie, and also that everything she had done in her life, telling herself that it was for the best, had been no more than blind selfishness, generating confusion and mess all around. But who could bear to know which stars were already dead, she thought, blinking up at the night sky; could anybody stand to know that they all were? She turned the key in the ignition, crashed the gears and they pulled out again onto the bypass. ‘I don't want to go to the Fields,' said Fats in terror. ‘We're not going to the Fields,' she said. ‘I'm taking you home.'

Biography of William Walker, Yankee Imperialist

Biography of William Walker, Yankee Imperialist William Walker (May 8, 1824–September 12, 1860) was an American adventurer and soldier who served as president of Nicaragua from 1856 to 1857. He tried to gain control over most of Central America  but failed and was executed by firing squad in 1860 in Honduras. Fast Facts: William Walker Known For: Invading and taking over Latin American countries (known as filibustering)Also Known As: General Walker; the grey-eyed man of destinyBorn: May 8, 1824 in Nashville, TennesseeParents: James Walker, Mary NorvellDied: September 12, 1860 in Trujillo, HondurasEducation: University of Nashville, University of Edinburgh,  University of Heidelberg, University of PennsylvaniaPublished Works: The War in Nicaragua Early Life Born into a distinguished family in Nashville, Tennessee, on May 8, 1824, William Walker was a child genius. He graduated from the University of Nashville at the top of his class at the age of 14. By the time he was 25, he had a degree in medicine and another in law and was legally allowed to practice as both a doctor and lawyer. He also worked as a publisher and journalist. Walker was restless, taking a long trip to Europe and living in Pennsylvania, New Orleans, and San Francisco in his early years. Although he stood only 5-foot-2, Walker had a commanding presence and the charisma to spare. The Filibusters In 1850, Venezuelan-born Narciso Lopez led a group of mostly American mercenaries in an assault on Cuba. The goal was to take over the government and later attempt to become part of the United States. The state of Texas, which had broken off from Mexico a few years before, was an example of a region of a sovereign nation that had been taken over by Americans before gaining statehood. The practice of invading small countries or states with the intention of causing independence was known as filibustering. Although the U.S. government was in full expansionist mode by 1850, it frowned on filibustering as a way to expand the nations borders. Assault on Baja California Inspired by the examples of Texas and Lopez, Walker set out to conquer the Mexican states of Sonora and Baja California, which at that time were sparsely populated. With only 45 men, Walker marched south and promptly captured La Paz, the  capital of Baja California. Walker renamed the state the Republic of Lower California, later to be replaced by the Republic of Sonora, declared himself president, and applied the laws of the State of Louisiana, which included legalized slavery. Back in the United States, word of his daring attack had spread. Most Americans thought Walkers project was a great idea. Men lined up to volunteer to join the expedition. Around this time, he got the nickname the gray-eyed man of destiny. Defeat in Mexico By early 1854, Walker had been reinforced by 200 Mexicans who believed in his vision and another 200 Americans from San Francisco who wanted to get in on the ground floor of the new republic. But they had few supplies, and discontent grew. The Mexican government, which could not send a large army to crush the invaders, nevertheless was able to muster up enough of a force to skirmish with Walker and his men a couple of times and keep them from getting too comfortable in La Paz. In addition, the ship that had carried him to Baja California sailed off against his orders, taking many of his supplies with it. In early 1854, Walker decided to roll the dice and march on the strategic city of Sonora. If he could capture it, more volunteers and investors would join the expedition. But many of his men deserted, and by May he had only 35 men left. He crossed the border and surrendered to American forces there, never having reached Sonora. On Trial Walker was tried in San Francisco in federal court on charges of violating United States neutrality laws and policies. Popular sentiment was still with him, however, and he was acquitted of all charges by a jury after only eight minutes of deliberating. He returned to his law practice, convinced that he would have succeeded with more men and supplies. Nicaragua Within a year, Walker was back in action. Nicaragua was a rich, green nation that had one great advantage: in the days before the  Panama Canal, most shipping went through Nicaragua along a route that led up the San Juan River from the Caribbean, across Lake Nicaragua and then overland to the port of Rivas. Nicaragua was in the throes of a civil war between the cities of Granada and Leon to determine which city would have more power. Walker was approached by the Leon faction- which was losing- and soon rushed to Nicaragua with some 60 well-armed men. Upon landing, he was reinforced with another 100 Americans and almost 200 Nicaraguans. His army marched on Granada and captured it in October 1855. Because he was already considered supreme general of the army, he had no trouble declaring himself president. In May 1856, U.S. President  Franklin Pierce  officially recognized Walkers government. Defeat in Nicaragua Walker had made many enemies in his conquest. Greatest among them was perhaps  Cornelius Vanderbilt, who controlled an international shipping empire. As president, Walker revoked Vanderbilts rights to ship through Nicaragua. Vanderbilt was enraged and sent soldiers to oust him. Vanderbilts men were joined by those of other Central American nations, chiefly Costa Rica, who feared that Walker would take over their countries. Walker had overturned Nicaraguas anti-slavery laws and made English the official language, which angered many Nicaraguans. In early 1857 the Costa Ricans invaded, supported by Guatemala,  Honduras, and El Salvador, as well as Vanderbilts money and men. Walkers army was defeated at the Second Battle of Rivas, and he was forced to return once again to the United States. Honduras Walker was greeted as a hero in the U.S., particularly in the South. He wrote a book about his adventures, resumed his law practice, and began making plans to try again to take Nicaragua, which he still believed to be his. After a few false starts, including one in which U.S. authorities captured him as he set sail, he landed near Trujillo, Honduras, where he was captured by the British Royal Navy. Death The British already had important colonies in Central American in British Honduras, now Belize, and the Mosquito Coast, in present-day Nicaragua, and they did not want Walker stirring up rebellions. They turned him over to Honduran authorities, who executed him by firing squad on Sept. 12, 1860. It is reported that in his final words he asked for clemency for his men, assuming the responsibility of the Honduras expedition himself. He was 36 years old. Legacy Walkers filibusters had a significant impact on southerners interested in maintaining slave-owning territory; even after his death, his example inspired the Confederacy. Central American countries, by contrast, saw their defeat of Walker and his armies as a source of pride. In Costa Rica, April 11 is celebrated as a national holiday to commemorate Walkers defeat at Rivas. Walker has also been the subject of several books and two movies. Sources The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica. â€Å"William Walker.† Encyclopà ¦dia Britannica, 1 Mar. 2019.Levrier-Jones, George. â€Å"Man of Destiny: William Walker and the Conquest of Nicaragua.† History Is Now Magazine, 24 Apr. 2018.Norvell, John Edward, How Tennessee Adventurer William Walker became Dictator of Nicaragua in 1857: The Norvell Family origins of the Grey-Eyed Man of Destiny, The Middle Tennessee Journal of Genealogy and History, Vol XXV, No.4, Spring 2012

Managerial Economics Essay Example

Managerial Economics Essay Example Managerial Economics Essay Managerial Economics Essay Managerial Economics Course Credits : 3 Course Faculty : Prof. Animesh Singh Learning Objectives At the end of this course, the student should be able to: develop a basic understanding of economics as an important tool for taking effective managerial decisions; develop the concept of managerial economics and its applications; and to apprise how managers need to understand fundamental demand supply forces in a market to arrive at best decisions keeping in view the competition in different market forms. PedagogyCourse will be delivered through lecture method using power point slides, class discussions using case studies. Session Plan |Session |Topic |Readings | | 1 2 |Introduction to micro macro economics, markets industry concept, importance |Chapter 1 of text book.Case 1-1, | | |of economics for managers, economic role of government, general equilibrium, |1-2, 1-3, 1-4, 1-5, and 1-6 | | |demand schedule and curve | | | 3 4 |Theory of Firm, factors affecting demand and supply, equilibrium price and |Chapter 1, 2, 3 of Text Book, Case | | |quantity, elasticity of demand and supply, measurement of elasticity of emand |1-7, 1-8, 1-9, 1-10, 1-11, 1-12 | |5 6 |Consumer Behavior, utility, law of diminishing marginal utility, why demand |Chapter 4 of Geetika Piyali Ghosh | | |curve slopes downward, derivation of market demand | | |7 8 |Production analysis, production function, long run and short run , production |Chapter 6 of text book, Case 6-1 to | | |function, stages of productio n function, law of diminishing returns |6-10 | |9 10 | Returns to scale, isoquant and isocost line, optimum input combination, |Chapter 6 7 of text book, Case: 7-1| | |expansion path, analysis of costs, |to 7-8 | |Mid Term Examination | |11 12 |Traditional modern approaches, analysis of economies of scale, economies of |Chapter 8 of Geetika and Piyali | | |scope, relevance to decision – making |Ghosh, Case Outsourcing Pg. 72 | |13 14 |Market, perfectly competitive markets – short-run long run, dynamic changes, |Chapter 8 of text book, Case 8-1 to | | |monopoly market equilibrium comparison with pure competition, price |8-8 | | |discrimination effects and government regulation | | |15 16 |monopolistic competition-equilibrium critique, oligopoly markets – non – |Chapter 8 9 of text book, Case 9-1 | | |collusive oligopoly, Cartels, Price – Leadership models.. |to 9-11 | |17 18 |Pricing Decisions : Product Pricing and Input Pricing |Chapter 11 .Cases 11-1 to 11-11 | |19 20 |Macro Economy: Flow of Economic Activity, National Income, Inflation Business |Chapter 17, 18, 19 20 of Piyali | | |Cycle |Ghosh. Case, Pages 583, 543 520 | Session = 1 ? hours Evaluation Plan |Internal Assessment |30% | |Mid-Term Examination |30% | |End Term Examination |40% | |Details of Internal Assessment | |S. No. Items |Marks | |1 |Class Participation and Attendance |5 | |2 |Quizzes |15 | |3 |Presentations Assignments |10 | | |Total |30 | Text Books: Managerial Economics by D Salvatore 2012 edition, Oxford Geetika, Piyali Ghosh, Purba Roy Choudhary : Managerial Economics, 2nd Edition 2011, TMH Reference Books 1. Geetika, Piyali Ghosh, Purba Roy Choudhary : Managerial Economics, 2nd Edition 2011, TMH 2. Managerial Economics by D N Dwivedi, Vikas 3. Modern Microeconomics by Koutsyannis, McMilan 4. Managerial Economics by Atmanand, Excel Books 5. Managerial Economics by Gupta G. S. , Tata McGraw Hill . Managerial Economics by Petersen Lewis, Hi malaya Publishing House Articles 1. The Managerial Mistakes that a CEO Must Avoid. By: DiPrimio, Anthony. Journal of Case Research in Business Economics. Dec2009, Vol. 2, p1-18. 18p. 2. What makes a die-hard entrepreneur? Beyond the employee or entrepreneur’ dichotomy By Andrew E. Burke, Felix R. FitzRoy, Michael A. Nolan Published online: 16 January 2008_ Springer Science+Business Media, LLC. 2008 3. MANAGEMENT SCIENCE, ECONOMICS AND ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE*! ALLEN V. KNEESE Resources for the Future, Inc. , MANAGEMENT SCIENCE, Vol. 19, No. 10, June, 1973, Pnnledin U. S. A. 4. RUNAWAY CAPITALISM.By: MEYER, CHRISTOPHER; KIRBY, JULIA. Harvard Business Review. Jan/Feb2012, Vol. 90 Issue 1/2, p66-75. 10p. 5. Letter From the Editor: Business and the Worlds Poorest BillionThe Need for an Expanded Examination by Management Scholars. By: Bruton, Garry D. Academy of Management Perspectives. Aug2010, Vol. 24 Issue 3, p6-10. 5p. 1 Chart. DOI: 10. 5465/AMP. 2010. 52842947. 6. Managerial E conomics. By: Flynn, Simone I. Managerial Economics Research Starters Business. 2008, p1-1. 12p. 7. WHAT CAN MANAGERIAL ECONOMICS CONTRIBUTE TO ECONOMIC THEORY? By: Hitch, Charles J. ; McKean, Roland N. American Economic Review. May61, Vol. 51 Issue 2, p147. 8p.

Carcinoma of Cervix Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Carcinoma of Cervix - Essay Example 90% of all carcinomas of the cervix are of the squamous cell type. The cervix is the extension of the uterus into the top part of the vagina. A small passage through the middle of the cervix leads into the cavity of the uterus. In a normal situation, squamous epithelium lines the cervix from this opening outwards. The inside of the cervix normally has a more fragile epithelium lining, which under normal circumstances is not exposed to the environment. Certain hormonal changes such as pregnancy and the oral contraceptive pill may cause the inner lining from inside the cervix to migrate outwards to be visible on the outside of the cervix. This is sometimes referred to as an erosion by doctors (Virtual Center 2002-2007)." This case in general is common to women and this occurs during child bearing years, and somehow, our subject, Mrs. Ana Gillam can also be part of this since she is suffering from almost the same kind of problem. This case happens in ages 20's, 30's or 40's, all of which can be related to sexual relationships. According to the same source, (Virtual Medical centre 2002-2007), cervical tumors can be found worldwide but is greatly known in the western part of the world. And because many people are still nave on the fact and information about cervical cancer, it is best to analyze the different factors affecting or causing the disease. One reason of factor is the infection of the Human Papilloma Virus. This means that factors that increase the woman's risk of getting Human Papilloma Virus can also increase the risk of getting the cancer. Also, an intercourse without using contraceptives can add to the said risk, and this is along with having multiple sexual partners. Sex with a partner with penile warts can be one cause of spreading or worsening the situation. Mrs. Gillan, however did not mention anything about the case of having penile warts from a partner but having several husbands could have caused the symptoms that she's having. Precancerous changes and early cancers of the cervix generally do not cause pain or other symptoms. It is important not to wait to feel pain before seeing a doctor. When the disease gets worse, women may notice one or more of these symptoms: Abnormal vaginal bleeding -Bleeding that occurs between regular menstrual periods -Bleeding after sexual intercourse, douching, or a pelvic exam -Menstrual periods that last longer and are heavier than before -Bleeding after menopause - Increased vaginal discharge - Pelvic pain - Pain during sexual intercourse Infections or other health problems may also cause these symptoms. Only a doctor can tell for sure. A woman with any of these symptoms should tell her doctor so that problems can be diagnosed and treated as early as possible. Smoking is also a big factor in acquiring cervical cancer. This is the reason why it is best to keep from smoking especially for women. If a woman has a symptom or Pap test results that suggest precancerous cells or cancer of the cervix, her doctor will suggest other procedures to make a diagnosis. These may include: - Colposcopy: The doctor uses a colposcope to look at the cervix. The colposcope combines a bright light with a magnifying lens to make tissue easier to see. It is not inserted into the vagina. A colposcopy is usually done in the doctor's office or clinic. - Biopsy: The doctor removes tissue to look for precancerous cells

What are the patterns of business failure in the UK What are the main Essay

What are the patterns of business failure in the UK What are the main explanations for why businesses do not survive Which explanations are the most and least convincing - Essay Example Failure usually follows a similar pattern in both small and large enterprises when faced with financial crisis in the wider economy. With the economic downturn of 2008, the business climate has become much tougher in the UK for new, upcoming firms. Importantly, in addition to the failure of business due to economic factors, there are many other reasons that contribute to this eventuality (Bartelsman, Scarpetta, & Schivardi, 2003). Hence, taking this into account, this paper aims to analyse the trends related to business failure in the UK. A critical assessment of the related factors is only possible with a deeper understanding of the theoretical framework. Furthermore, the paper also seeks to extract deeper insight into the causes that result in the failure of business. The assessment will bring in to the limelight the factors that play a dominant role in leading entrepreneurs towards business closure. Upon assessment of the reasons it identifies, this paper will also discuss the factors that appear to be least convincing for justifying failure. The global landscape for doing business is increasing dual perspectives for the business. The dual impact can be regarded as the direct impact of globalisation. On one hand, the globalisation has increased the opportunities for business to explore different countries and new markets with limited resources required. Also, globalisation has offered new ways to introduce innovative ideas. Yet with this opportunity, global business simultaneously faces increasing challenges as globalisation has increased competition not only from local competitors but from international rivals as well (Arbaugh and Camp, 2000). The number of business failures gives the clear signal of the downfall of the emerging market. According to one report, the business index goes down from 93.5 to 90.2 in the year 2014. According to D&B (2012), the decline in the index was from 5.8% to as low as 3.5 % in the same

Art style research and two artist researches Paper

Art style and two artist researches - Research Paper Example They wanted to produce two-dimensional canvass and used multiple vantage points. According to Rewald (2001), Picasso and Braque had common favourite instilling â€Å"musical instruments, bottles, pitchers, glasses, newspapers, playing cards and the human face and figure† in their art works. Cubism was not only adopted in paintings, but it was also popular in architecture and sculpture during the twentieth century (rewald, 2001). Nesic (n.d.) discussed that Cubism was once just an idea before it really became a style. The cubism is an approach to art which wanted to represent the reality of the world in concepts and not about perceptions (Nesic, n.d.). Paul Cezanne is one of the most influential painters during the nineteenth century (Galenson & Weinberg 2001). Cezanne enumerated ingredients of cubism which include geometry, simultaneity and passage and tried to introduce the concept of the Fourth Dimension (Nesic, n.d.). There are two distinct phases of cubism: analytical and synthetic. The Analytic cubists create artworks with multiple and overlapping planes while synthetic cubists produce artworks made of colored papers cut out in shapes (Rewald 2001). Analytical cubism which lasted until 1912 used geometric framework to create a subject image as an overall effect (Cubism, n.d.). Synthetic cubism on the other hand was mainly influenced by the introduction of collages, both simple and bold (Cubism, n.d.). Unlike analytical cubism, this phase is appear to be more abstract but characterized by a more direct, vibrant and attractive style (Cubism, n.d.). For this paper I will discuss the work of three contemporary cubist painters: Susanna Sharp and Luiza Vizoli. There paintings are characterized by collages of abstract geometric forms which characterized the style of cubism. There subjects are more on human face and musical instruments like the great founders Picasso and Braque. Luiza Vizoli is a fulltime contemporary professional artist

Islam and Terrorism Essay Example for Free

Islam and Terrorism Essay Muslims, especially Arab Muslims, are said to have been consistently stereotyped in films, television programs, cartoons and even the news as terrorist animals, who have no regard for human life (Fisk 125). And as Robert Fisk would say, the more films he watched, the more cartoons he saw, the more editorials he read, the more fear of the despicable, fearful, alien Muslim seemed to be spreading (127). Thus the Muslims always portrayed as the sinister, evil, over-breeding and worthy of destruction (Fisk 127). Furthermore, as a result of this, media now has equated Islam with terror and fundamentalism, so that no matter where a bomb goes off in the world, the first suspects are always Muslims (Said 110). Said explains that both Israel and the United States identify fundamentalist Islam, a label which is often compressed into one word, â€Å"Islam† (111). Hence, the Islamic belief has been very much associated with terrorism. But then, does Islam really promote acts of terrorism? This paper hopes to delve into the Islamic teaching, specifically the concept of jihad, which is often pointed to be the main reason associating Islam with terrorism. The paper would also identify the intent of jihad as compared to that of terrorism. Finally, this paper aims to conclude that amidst the negative interpretations of jihad contained in the teaching of Islam, Islam does not intend to promote terrorism but aims for spiritual striving in a peaceful manner. Jihad Mohammed Abdul Malek, author of the book entitled A Study of the Qur’an: The Universal Guidance for Mankind, says that, Jihad is often a misunderstood concept of Islam (121). Malek says that, contrary to commonly held belief that jihad exhorts Muslims to expand Islam by violent means, jihad simply refers to a spiritual striving to attain nearness to Allah (121). Malek stresses that the doctrine of Jihad never encourages war or violence (121). He says that it is not a holy war against the non-believers as is commonly understood, which phrase was merely coined by the West in its struggle against the Muslims during the time of the Crusades, a war instigated by the Church for religious gain (Malek 122). Furthermore, he says that there are other words in Arabic which are more appropriate to use in a war situation if war was the principal purpose of Jihad (Malek 122). Examples of which are ‘harb’ which means war and ‘Ma’araka’ which means battle (Malek 122. ). The Qur’an could have used these instead of Jihad if the intention was the declaration of war (Malek 122). Malek quotes Haji Ibrahim Golightly, who explains thoroughly the question and purpose of ‘Jihad’. Golightly explains that Jihad means to strive or make an effort, usually in an Islamic context, so that anything which requires an effort to be made is Jihad and the person doing it is ‘mujahid’ (122). He says that media’s interpretation of jihad that it is fighting and killing in the name of Allah, is not true (Malek 122). He clarifies that said efforts are certainly in the name of Allah, but not in terms of fighting and killing, but instead involves activities such as making time in a busy schedule to study the Qur’an; going to ‘halal’ butcher rather than the closest or most convenient one; discussing Islam with both Muslims and non-Muslims and helping them to understand it better; studying ‘ayat’ or signs, both of Qur’an and in nature and science, in order to increase ‘ilm’, or knowledge; setting other Muslims a good example and showing non-Muslims the true way of Muslims (Malek 122). These, he says, are all examples of Jihad in daily life (Malek 122). Hence, Jihad, he explains, is the effort made not just against internal and external evils but also to live at peace with oneself and ones community, whether Muslim or non-Muslim (Malek 122). Malek further suggests that Jihad must be explained in the context of the Qur’anic verses in which it is used (Malek 122-123). Some of the typical verses based on the translation of Maulana Muhammad Ali’s book entitled ‘The Religion of Islam’, explains jihad in the context of the Qur’anic Verses (Malek 123). First, it provides that â€Å"(22:78) And strive hard ‘jahidu’ for Allah with endeavour which is right† (Malek 123). Ali explains that jihad implies that one should exert one’s self to the utmost ability, like moral, spiritual or political, for the cause of Allah and to establish Allah’s Deen, without resorting to war (Malek 123). Secondly, it provides that â€Å"(29:6) And whoever strives hard (jahada), he strives (yujahidu) only for his own soul, that is for his own benefit, for Allah is altogether independent of (His) creatures (Malek 123). These verses then, as explained by Malek, show that jihad is the spiritual striving to attain nearness to Allah, and the result of this jihad is stated to be Allah’s guidance for those striving his ways (123). It is a struggle to win unbelievers not of the sword but of Qur’an (Malek 123). In the verses cited, jihad is used in the general sense of striving hard, morally, spiritually, and in our day to day life, and implies a struggle in Allah’s ways to achieve an objective, without resorting to war (Malek 124). Malek also cites the definition of Jihad from the Muslimsonline. com, which basically means the striving and refers to the unceasing effort that an individual must make towards self-improvement and self-purification (123). It also refers to the duty of Muslims, at both individual and collective level to struggle against all forms of evil, corruption, injustice, tyranny and oppressions whether committed by Muslims and non-Muslims (Malek 123). Comparing then the purpose of Jihad, which aims for spiritual striving (Malek 121), terrorism, on the otherhand aims only to endanger human life and create an environment of fear and danger. Jihad, which in its origin is a peaceful religious exercise just like how other religions have, it is far from what terrorism aims to propagate. Certainly comparing jihad with what terrorism intends to accomplish, there is indeed a very big difference. Aside from this, the double standard which exists in society also tends to distort or generalize Muslim as terrorists. Fisk cites that once the culprits turn out to be Americans, the word ‘terrorism’ fades from the headlines and are then replaced into a word called ‘fanatics’ (128). This negative media has then an adverse effect on the daily lives of the Muslims (Fisk 129). Conclusion As can be seen from the verses taken in the context of the Qur’an which is the best source to interpret what jihad is, it teaches ‘spiritual striving’ (Malek 123) as opposed to what is projected in the media that often associates it. As explained by Malek, Islam could have used other Arabic words which specifically refer to war instead of the word ‘jihad’ if the intention was to propagate war (122). Furthermore, the phrase ‘holy war’ is of Western origin in history, which was the struggle against Muslims during that time of the Crusades (Malek 122). Terrorism on the otherhand, has no other intention but to create some disturbance and violence which are dangerous to human life. Indeed, this is not part of the Islamic teaching manifested in the Qur’an. Just like other religions, which have activities in order to exercise their basic freedom of religion, so does Islam have their own sets of activities which do not at all propagate war but through means which are peaceful. Islam as a religion being associated with terrorism thus often is a result of distorted views as opposed to what it really teaches. This is mainly due to the influence that media has to its viewers which, as we know is a very powerful medium when it comes projecting and presenting who are considered as terrorists and who are not. This does not mean however that we should tolerate acts of some Islamic groups which are with fault, but only means that there should also be some responsibility especially of persons belonging to the media, to report balanced news or feature shows without being biased or being prejudicial against a religion, sector or group. There must also be respect for other religions just like how the way the Western way of belief is respected. Explanation by those given by those knowledgeable in the interpretation of Qur’an, must also be given the chance to explain the Islamic belief and must be given a chance to also be presented to viewers. In that way, there would be a deeper understanding not only of other religions but of other cultures as well. Indeed, everyone of us is against terrorism because of the threat it brings to our daily lives. But this should not compromise respect for other religions as well. It is time that there should be a strong foreign policy toward Muslim countries (Saeed 131). There should also be some cooperation on the part of citizens of nations in reporting those responsible for terroristic acts. Only in this way, are we able to pinpoint the real perpetrators and bring them to justice. Reference Fisk, Robert. â€Å"The Media Stereotype Muslims as Terrorists. † Islam: Opposing Viewpoints. San Diego, California: Greenhaven Press, 2000. 125-130. Malek, Mohammed. â€Å"The Islamic Doctrine of Jihad Does Not Advocate Violence. † Islam: Opposing Viewpoints. San Diego, California: Greenhaven Press, 2000. 121-123. Saeed, Kazim. â€Å"Media Stereotypes Do Not Define the Image of Muslims. † Islam: Opposing Viewpoints. San Diego, California: Greenhaven Press, 2000. 131 – 133. Said, Edward. â€Å"The Problem of Islamic Terrorism Is Overstated. † Islam: Opposing Viewpoints. San Diego, California: Greenhaven Press, 2000. 110-111.